Table 3.
Quality assessment of included studies.
| # | Study ID | Completeness | Correctness | Concordance | Plausibility | Currency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adam et al. (41) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 2 | Akin and Murnane (42) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 3 | Barlow-Ogden et al. (43) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 4 | Bazarian et al. (44) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 5 | Belanger et al. (45) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 6 | Belanger et al. (46) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 7 | Bell et al. (47) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 8 | Bjork et al. (48) | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 9 | Bolzenius et al. (49) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 10 | Verfaellie et al. (50) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 11 | Brenner et al. (51) | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 12 | Callahan et al. (52) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 13 | Capo-Aponte et al. (53) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 14 | Capo-Aponte et al. (54) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 15 | Chen et al. (55) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 16 | Connelly et al. (24) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 17 | Cooper et al. (56) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 18 | Davenport et al. (57) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 19 | Davenport et al. (57) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 20 | Davenport et al. (58) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 21 | de Lanerolle et al. (59) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 22 | Dretsch et al. (60) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 23 | Erickson (61) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 24 | Farrell-Carnahan et al. (62) | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 25 | Finkel et al. (17) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 26 | Fischer et al. (63) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 27 | Franke et al. (17) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 28 | Gilmore et al. (64) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 29 | Gilmore et al. (65) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 30 | Goodrich et al. (66) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 31 | Han et al. (67) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 32 | Hayes et al. (68) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 33 | Heinzelmann et al. (69) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 34 | Heltemes et al. (70) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 35 | Hetherington et al. (71) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 36 | Hoffer et al. (72) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 37 | Huang et al. (73) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 38 | Huang et al. (74) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 39 | Janak et al. (75) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 40 | Karch et al. (76) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 41 | Kennedy et al. (77) | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 42 | Kennedy et al. (78) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 43 | Kennedy et al. (79) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 44 | Kontos et al. (80) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 45 | Kontos et al. (81) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 46 | Kontos et al. (82) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 47 | Lange et al. (83) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 48 | Lemke et al. (84) | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 49 | Levin et al. (85) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 50 | Lew et al. (86) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 51 | Lew et al. (87) | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 52 | Lew et al. (88) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 53 | Licona et al. (89) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 54 | Lindquist et al. (90) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 55 | Lippa et al. (91) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 56 | Luethcke et al. (92) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 57 | MacDonald et al. (93) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 58 | MacDonald et al. (94) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 59 | MacDonald et al. (95) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 60 | MacDonald et al. (96) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 61 | MacDonald et al. (97) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 62 | MacDonald et al. (98) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 63 | Macera et al. (99) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 64 | MacGregor et al. (100) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 65 | MacGregor et al. (101) | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 66 | Magone et al. (102) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 67 | Maguen et al. (103) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 68 | Matthews et al. (104) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 69 | Mendez et al. (105) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 70 | Mendez et al. (106) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 71 | Miller et al. (107) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 72 | Morey et al. (108) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 73 | Nathan et al. (109) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 74 | Neipert et al. (110) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 75 | Newsome et al. (111) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 76 | Norris et al. (112) | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 77 | Norris et al. (113) | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 78 | Oleksiak et al. (114) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 79 | O'Neil et al. (115) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 80 | Petrie et al. (116) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 81 | Pogoda et al. (117) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 82 | Reid et al. (118) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 83 | Riedy et al. (119) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 84 | Robinson et al. (120) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 85 | Ruff et al. (121) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 86 | Ruff et al. (122) | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 87 | Ryu et al. (123) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 88 | Saxe et al. (124) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 89 | Scheibel et al. (125) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 90 | Storzbach et al. (126) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 91 | Stout et al. (127) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 92 | Strigo et al. (128) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 93 | Tate et al. (129) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 94 | Trotter et al. (130) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 95 | Troyanskaya et al. (131) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 96 | Trudeau et al. (132) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 97 | Vakhtin et al. (133) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 98 | Verfaellie et al. (134) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 99 | Verfaellie et al. (135) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 100 | Walsh et al. (136) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 101 | Wares et al. (137) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR |
| 102 | Wilk et al. (138) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 103 | Wilkinson et al. (139) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
| 104 | Xydakis et al. (140) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 105 | Yeh et al. (141) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 106 | Yeh et al. (142) | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ |
✓Denotes the element was found within the study report. ✘ Denotes that the element was found to be within the study report, but did not meet the criteria (e.g., not complete). NR denotes unknown, unclear, or unreported. This means that the data element was not reported. NR does not necessarily indicate whether the element was part of the study, but inadvertently excluded from the report.