Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants at baseline
| Variable | Total | Excluded | Included | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,782 | 835 | 947 | |
| Male, n (%) | 818 (45.9) | 382 (45.7) | 436 (46.0) | .940 |
| Age (year),mean (SD) | 70.12 (7.1) | 69.67 (7.5) | 70.51 (6.8) | .014 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.29 (3.7) | 24.07 (3.3) | 24.49 (3.9) | .016 |
| Height (m),mean (SD) | 161.87 (8.9) | 162.26 (8.7 | 161.53 (9.0) | .084 |
| Weight (kg),mean (SD) | 63.78 (11.3) | 63.53 (11.00) | 63.99 (11.6) | .385 |
| Education (year), median [IQR] | 12.0 [9.0, 15.0] | 12.0 [9.0, 15.0] | 12.0 [10.0, 15.0] | .407 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 185 (10.4) | 84 (10.1) | 101 (10.7) | .734 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 142 (8.0) | 55 (6.6) | 87 (9.2) | .053 |
| CAD, n (%) | 194 (10.9) | 103 (12.3) | 91 (9.6) | .077 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 962 (54.0) | 463 (55.4) | 499 (52.7) | .264 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 247 (13.9) | 124 (14.9) | 123 (13.0) | .286 |
| Depression, n (%) | 277 (15.5) | 141 (16.9) | 136 (14.4) | .161 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 202 (11.3) | 91 (10.9) | 111 (11.7) | .637 |
| APOE‐ε4positive, n (%) | 308 (17.3) | 152 (18.2) | 156 (16.5) | <.001 |
| Correct answer to odors in the OI test | ||||
| Orange, n (%) | 1,365 (76.6) | 623 (74.6) | 742 (78.4) | .071 |
| Leather, n (%) | 1,002 (56.2) | 468 (56.0) | 534 (56.4) | .923 |
| Cinnamon, n (%) | 770 (43.2) | 353 (42.3) | 417 (44.0) | .484 |
| Peppermint, n (%) | 1,622 (91.0) | 760 (91.0) | 862 (91.0) | 1.000 |
| Banana, n (%) | 1,164 (65.3) | 555 (66.5) | 609 (64.3) | .365 |
| Lemon, n (%) | 960 (53.9) | 452 (54.1) | 508 (53.6) | .874 |
| Liquorice, n (%) | 957 (53.7) | 450 (53.9) | 507 (53.5) | .919 |
| Coffee, n (%) | 1,642 (92.1) | 773 (92.6) | 869 (91.8) | .584 |
| Cloves, n (%) | 919 (51.6) | 422 (50.5) | 497 (52.5) | .441 |
| Pineapple, n (%) | 1,234 (69.2) | 579 (69.3) | 655 (69.2) | .977 |
| Rose, n (%) | 1,112 (62.4) | 509 (61.0) | 603 (63.7) | .257 |
| Fish, n (%) | 1,475 (82.8) | 705 (84.4) | 770 (81.3) | .093 |
| OIS, median [IQR] | 8.0 [7.0, 9.0] | 8.0 [7.0, 9.0] | 8.0 [7.0, 10.0] | .420 |
| MMSE, median [IQR] | 29.0 [28.0, 30.0] | 29.0 [27.0, 30.0] | 29.0 [28.0, 30.0] | .241 |
Abbreviations: APOE, apolipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; IQR, interquartile range; MMSE, Mini‐mental State Examination score; OIS, olfactory identification sum score; SD, standard deviation.