Table 2.
Meta-analysis results.
| Characteristic | Value | (-CL, +CL) | I2 | P | Positive | Number of patients |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epidemiology | ||||||
| Male | 0.54 | (0.51, 0.56) | 68.34 | 0.00 | 4647 | 8815 |
| Female | 0.46 | (0.44, 0.49) | 68.34 | 0.00 | 4168 | 8815 |
| Contact with another person with respiratory symptoms | 0.27 | (0.15, 0.42) | 95.94 | 0.00 | 328 | 1289 |
| History of travel from china (Wuhan, and …) | 0.58 | (0.41, 0.73) | 99.02 | 0.00 | 1917 | 4208 |
| Exposure to source of transmission | 0.30 | (0.16, 0.45) | 98.51 | 0.00 | 719 | 3583 |
| Smoking history | 0.17 | (0.00, 0.53) | 99.18 | 0.00 | 1001 | 1559 |
| Admission to ICU | 0.16 | (0.08, 0.27) | 94.70 | 0.00 | 175 | 1843 |
| Diabetes | 0.11 | (0.08, 0.14) | 68.64 | 0.00 | 250 | 2505 |
| Hypertension | 0.19 | (0.12, 0.27) | 94.35 | 0.00 | 484 | 2403 |
| Malignancy | 0.05 | (0.02, 0.08) | 82.12 | 0.00 | 72 | 2250 |
| Cardiovascular | 0.12 | (0.06, 0.20) | 95.16 | 0.00 | 207 | 2301 |
| Other comorbidity | 0.16 | (0.11, 0.22) | 75.84 | 0.00 | 598 | 2897 |
| COPD | 0.03 | (0.01, 0.06) | 75.84 | 0.00 | 48 | 1900 |
| Clinical symptoms | ||||||
| Fever | 0.83 | (0.77, 0.89) | 95.15 | 0.00 | 3273 | 4370 |
| Cough | 0.59 | (0.48, 0.69) | 97.33 | 0.00 | 2100 | 4308 |
| Myalgia or fatigue | 0.31 | (0.23, 0.39) | 94.28 | 0.00 | 1051 | 3029 |
| Sputum production | 0.29 | (0.21, 0.39) | 84.96 | 0.00 | 478 | 1497 |
| Headache | 0.10 | (0.06, 0.14) | 70.94 | 0.00 | 306 | 3557 |
| Hemoptysis | 0.02 | (0.00, 0.05) | 70.94 | 0.00 | 21 | 1370 |
| Diarrhea | 0.08 | (0.06, 0.11) | 80.05 | 0.00 | 203 | 3690 |
| Dyspnea | 0.19 | (0.12, 0.26) | 93.99 | 0.00 | 495 | 2651 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | 0.22 | (0.00, 0.60) | 96.19 | 0.00 | 49 | 173 |
| Vomiting | 0.03 | (0.02, 0.05) | 65.12 | 0.00 | 105 | 2961 |
| Sore throat | 0.12 | (0.07, 0.18) | 91.85 | 0.00 | 287 | 2996 |
| Rhinorrhea | 0.09 | (0.03, 0.17) | 87.72 | 0.00 | 64 | 1455 |
| Chest pain | 0.11 | (0.04, 0.21) | 95.44 | 0.00 | 108 | 1834 |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| WBC(Normal) | 0.81 | (0.69, 0.91) | 95.56 | 0.00 | 958 | 1260 |
| WBC (Decrease) | 0.21 | (0.16, 0.27) | 70.65 | 0.00 | 180 | 785 |
| WBC(Increase) | 0.14 | (0.08, 0.21) | 84.85 | 0.00 | 109 | 760 |
| Neutrophil (Normal) | 0.95 | (0.87, 1.00) | 93.15 | 0.00 | 721 | 797 |
| Neutrophil (Decrease) | 0.16 | (0.12, 0.21) | ∗ | ∗ | 39 | 229 |
| Neutrophil (Increase) | 0.17 | (0.05, 0.34) | 92.34 | 0.00 | 67 | 380 |
| Albumin (Normal) | 0.95 | (0.84, 1.00) | 86.35 | 0.00 | 243 | 259 |
| Albumin (Decrease) | 0.54 | (0.00, 1.00) | 99.38 | 0.00 | 121 | 277 |
| Albumin (Increase) | 0.03 | (0.01, 0.06) | ∗ | ∗ | 7 | 181 |
| Serum Creatinine (Normal) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.00) | ∗ | ∗ | 190 | 190 |
| Serum Creatinine (Decrease) | 0.17 | (0.10, 0.26) | ∗ | ∗ | 17 | 99 |
| Serum Creatinine (Increase) | 0.03 | (0.01, 0.08) | ∗ | ∗ | 5 | 128 |
| D-Dimer (Normal) | 0.94 | (0.82, 1.00) | 93.22 | 0.00 | 440 | 475 |
| D-Dimer (Increase) | 0.48 | (0.04, 0.94) | 99.24 | 0.00 | 254 | 479 |
| Procalcitonin (Normal) | 0.88 | (0.67, 1.00) | 95.57 | 0.00 | 313 | 368 |
| Procalcitonin (Increase) | 0.60 | (0.15, 0.96) | 99.00 | 0.00 | 276 | 461 |
| Blood Urea nitrogen (Normal) | 0.98 | (0.88, 1.00) | 94.23 | 0.00 | 382 | 399 |
| Blood Urea nitrogen (Decrease) | 0.14 | (0.10, 0.18) | ∗ | ∗ | 34 | 248 |
| Blood Urea nitrogen (Increase) | 0.08 | (0.04, 0.13) | ∗ | ∗ | 11 | 128 |
| Thromboplastin time (Normal) | 0.98 | (0.87, 1.00) | 96.48 | 0.00 | 559 | 599 |
| Thromboplastin time (Decrease) | 0.05 | (0.02, 0.09) | ∗ | ∗ | 16 | 99 |
| Thromboplastin time (Increase) | 0.20 | (0.04, 0.45) | 94.02 | 0.00 | 72 | 298 |
| C-reactive protein (Normal) | 0.48 | (0.26, 0.69) | 96.21 | 0.00 | 211 | 599 |
| C-reactive protein (Increase) | 0.72 | (0.54, 0.87) | 97.46 | 0.00 | 865 | 1159 |
| Total Bilirubin (Normal) | 0.95 | (0.85, 1.00) | 92.38 | 0.00 | 514 | 541 |
| Total Bilirubin (Decrease) | 0.05 | (0.02, 0.09) | ∗ | ∗ | 7 | 149 |
| Total Bilirubin (Increase) | 0.20 | (0.04, 0.45) | 94.02 | 0.00 | 38 | 297 |
| Prothrombin time (Normal) | 0.95 | (0.83, 1.00) | 95.40 | 0.00 | 532 | 571 |
| Prothrombin time (Decrease) | 0.10 | (0.00, 0.33) | 95.30 | 0.00 | 35 | 282 |
| Prothrombin time (Increase) | 0.44 | (0.00, 0.97) | 99.44 | 0.00 | 177 | 420 |
| Creatinine (Normal) | 0.98 | (0.88, 1.00) | 95.81 | 0.00 | 502 | 546 |
| Creatinine (Decrease) | 0.53 | (0.47, 0.59) | ∗ | ∗ | 151 | 299 |
| Creatinine (Increase) | 0.24 | (0.18, 0.31) | ∗ | ∗ | 47 | 190 |
| Platelet count (Normal) | 0.96 | (0.87, 1.00) | 93.01 | 0.00 | 524 | 563 |
| Platelet count (Decrease) | 0.27 | (0.12, 0.45) | 93.13 | 0.00 | 83 | 436 |
| Platelet count (Increase) | 0.05 | (0.02, 0.08) | 0.00 | 0.79 | 14 | 279 |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (Normal) | 0.90 | (0.71, 1.00) | 96.86 | 0.00 | 528 | 608 |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (Increase) | 0.29 | (0.18, 0.41) | 84.10 | 0.00 | 135 | 449 |
| Lactate Dehydrogenase (Normal) | 0.95 | (0.72, 1.00) | 97.02 | 0.00 | 321 | 370 |
| Lactate Dehydrogenase (Increase) | 0.69 | (0.36, 0.95) | 98.04 | 0.00 | 300 | 478 |
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate (Increase) | 0.80 | (0.73, 0.85) | ∗ | ∗ | 126 | 177 |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (Normal) | 0.90 | (0.77, 0.98) | 92.20 | 0.00 | 459 | 500 |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (Decrease) | 0.01 | (0.00, 0.05) | ∗ | ∗ | 2 | 149 |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (Increase) | 0.18 | (0.12, 0.25) | 54.18 | 0.00 | 65 | 358 |
| Creatine kinase (Normal) | 0.94 | (0.81, 1.00) | 93.92 | 0.00 | 427 | 467 |
| Creatine kinase (Decrease) | 0.17 | (0.12, 0.22) | ∗ | ∗ | 42 | 248 |
| Creatine kinase (Increase) | 0.12 | (0.03, 0.24) | 85.74 | 0.00 | 32 | 320 |
| Lymphocyte (Normal) | 0.61 | (0.46, 0.75) | 93.25 | 0.00 | 385 | 701 |
| Lymphocyte (Decrease) | 0.58 | (0.40, 0.75) | 97.86 | 0.00 | 826 | 1431 |
| Lymphocyte (Increase) | 0.14 | (0.06, 0.24) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9 | 63 |
| Hemoglobin (Normal) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.00) | ∗ | ∗ | 69 | 69 |
| Hemoglobin (Decrease) | 0.98 | (0.95, 1.00) | ∗ | ∗ | 162 | 179 |
| Radiology | ||||||
| Multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity | 0.60 | (0.50, 0.70) | 95.37 | 0.00 | 1399 | 2951 |
| Bilateral patchy shadowing | 0.50 | (0.44, 0.57) | 40.60 | 0.17 | 592 | 1257 |
| Crazy paving | 0.16 | (0.06, 0.29) | 85.09 | 0.00 | 47 | 324 |
| Discrete nodules | 0.10 | (0.00, 0.30) | 93.19 | 0.00 | 15 | 305 |
| Peripheral distribution | 0.61 | (0.45, 0.75) | 91.16 | 0.00 | 327 | 517 |
| Unilateral Pneumonia | 0.61 | (0.45, 0.75) | 91.16 | 0.00 | 61 | 249 |
| Local patchy shadowing | 0.36 | (0.34, 0.39) | ∗ | ∗ | 411 | 1114 |
| Consolidation | 0.37 | (0.24, 0.51) | 94.74 | 0.00 | 650 | 1594 |
| Cavitation | 0.00 | (0.00, 0.02) | 4 | 141 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 0.02 | (0.00, 0.05) | 59.24 | 0.02 | 18 | 523 |
| Bilateral pneumonia | 0.70 | (0.59, 0.79) | 90.99 | 0.00 | 1330 | 1644 |
| Pneumothorax | 0.01 | (0.00, 0.05) | ∗ | ∗ | 1 | 99 |
| Interstitial abnormalities | 0.13 | (0.11, 0.15) | ∗ | ∗ | 143 | 1099 |
| Linear | 0.08 | (0.04, 0.13) | ∗ | ∗ | 12 | 142 |
| Pleural effusion | 0.05 | (0.02, 0.09) | 69.66 | 0.00 | 39 | 615 |
| Supportive treatment | ||||||
| Antiviral therapy | 0.90 | (0.74, 0.99) | 98.61 | 0.00 | 1374 | 2205 |
| Antibiotic therapy | 0.68 | (0.49, 0.84) | 97.80 | 0.00 | 1094 | 1806 |
| Use of corticosteroid | 0.32 | (0.19, 0.47) | 96.97 | 0.00 | 498 | 2028 |
| Immunotherapy | 0.39 | (0.13, 0.69) | 98.92 | 0.00 | 428 | 1674 |
| Oxygen support | 0.56 | (0.32, 0.78) | 98.95 | 0.00 | 1003 | 2141 |
| Non-invasive ventilation or high-flow nasal canula | 0.11 | (0.05, 0.19) | 93.91 | 0.00 | 163 | 1858 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 0.08 | (0.01, 0.19) | 96.06 | 0.00 | 88 | 1643 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation and ECMO | 0.02 | (0.00, 0.05) | 71.69 | 0.00 | 15 | 576 |
| Nasal cannula | 0.55 | (0.24, 0.84) | 97.00 | 0.00 | 218 | 339 |
| Continuous renal replacement therapy | 0.06 | (0.01, 0.13) | 79.86 | 0.00 | 23 | 361 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||||
| Recovered | 0.53 | 98.63 | 0.00 | 788 | 2952 | |
| Staying in hospital | 0.67 | 97.93 | 0.00 | 1791 | 2355 | |
| Death | 0.05 | 89.08 | 0.00 | 151 | 3054 | |