Table 1.
Summary of published data describing secondary infections in COVID-19 patients.
| Country | Total no. of patients | Secondary infections |
Ref. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients (%) | Identified organisms (No. of patients) |
Clinical Outcome | |||||
| Viral | Bacterial | Fungal | |||||
| USA | 5700 | 42 (2.1%) | Rhinovirus/enterovirus (22), other coronaviridae (7), RSV (4), parainfluenza (3), metapneumovirus (2), and influenza A (1) |
Chlamydophila pneumoniae (2), M. pneumoniae (1) | NA | 21% died | [12] |
| USA | 338 | 19 (5.6%) | NA | NA | [13] | ||
| China | 201 (ARDS) | 1 (0.6%) | Influenza A virus (1) | NA | NA | [14] | |
| China | 191 | 27 (50%) of 54 non-survivors | NA | 96% died | [2] | ||
| USA | 116 | 24 (20.7%) | Rhinovirus/enterovirus (8), RSV (6), other coronaviridae (5), parainfluenza (3), metapneumovirus (2), and influenza A (1) |
NA | NA | [15] | |
| China | 115 | 5 (4.3%) | Influenza A virus (3) Influenza B virus (2) | NA | NA | [16] | |
| China | 99 | 5 (5%) | NA | Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Aspergillus flavus in respiratory samples (1) |
Candida albicans (3) Candida glabrata (1) |
NA | [17] |
| Italy | 73 (ARDS) |
Bacterial pneumonia (9, 17.2%) Secondary bacteremia (27, 37.0%) Other secondary infection (3, 4.1%) |
23.3% died | [18] | |||
| China | 41 | 4 (9.8%) | NA | NA | [19] | ||
| China | 40∗ | 18 (45%) | Influenza A or B virus (3), Adenovirus (1) |
M. pneumoniae (13), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1) | NA | NA | [20] |
| China | 29 | 5 (17.24%) | NA | Enterobacter cloacae (2), Acinetobacter baumannii (1) | Candida albicans (2) | NA | [21] |
| China | 29 | 1 (3.4%) | NA | 3.4% died | [22] | ||
| USA | 21 | 4 (19.0%) | NA | NA | [23] | ||
| China | 11 | 1 (9%) | NA | Mixture seen (1) | NA | NA | [24] |
| China | 7 | 1 (14%) | NA | Legionella pneumophillia (1) | NA | Favorable outcomes, no ICU admission | [25] |
NA; Data not available/Not mentioned, ARDS; acute respiratory distress syndrome, ∗; paediatric population.