Table III.
Effects of CC, herbal mixture, and CC along with herbal mixture on HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C, TSH, free T4, and free T3
| Variable | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | P0 | P1 | Adjusted MD (95% CI) 2×1 | P2×1 | Adjusted MD (95% CI) 3×1 | P3×1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |||||||
| HOMA-IR | 4 (1.6) | 3.9 (1.8) | 3.4 (1.1) | 2.3 (0.3) | 4.4 (1.9) | 3.4 (1.7) | 0.188 | 0.017 | –1.3 (–2.4 to –0.2) | 0.013 | –0.6 (–1.6 to 0.4) | 0.403 |
| MD (95% CI) | –0.1 (–0.6 to 0.4) | –1.0 (–1.7 to –0.4) | –0.9 (–1.9 to 0.0) | |||||||||
| P† | 0.715 | 0.002 | 0.065 | |||||||||
| TC [mg/dl] | 149.4 (30.1) | 149.1 (29.0) | 176.9 (38.0) | 149.2 (30.45) | 167.4 (27.0) | 145.2 (23.6) | 0.031 | < 0.001 | –21.8 (–31.5 to –12.1) | < 0.001 | –18.3 (–27.4 to –9.2) | < 0.001 |
| MD (95% CI) | –0.2 (–1.8 to 1.3) | –27.6 (–36.2 to –19.0) | –22.2 (–28.9 to –15.4) | |||||||||
| P† | 0.767 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| TG [mg/dl]) | 111.8 (43.8) | 111.4 (42.7) | 162.9 (69.0) | 112.2 (52.6) | 142.4 (58.4) | 103.0 (38.7) | 0.061 | < 0.001 | –29.9 (–47.9 to –12.0) | < 0.001 | –26.9 (–43.8 to –9.9) | < 0.001 |
| MD (95% CI) | –0.4 (–1.8 to 0.9) | –50.7 (–73.8 to –27.6) | –39.4 (–56.2 to –22.4) | |||||||||
| P† | 0.539 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| LDL-C [mg/dl] | 91.9 (24.1) | 92.5 (23.9) | 109.9 (25.7) | 84.3 (21.4) | 106.8 (26.4) | 81.5 (20.1) | 0.070 | < 0.001 | –21.2 (–31.3 to –11.1) | < 0.001 | –21.4 (–31.1 to –11.7) | < 0.001 |
| MD (95% CI) | 0.6 (–0.3 to 1.5) | –25.6 (–34.2 to –17.0) | –24.9 (–32.9 to –16.9) | |||||||||
| P† | 0.188 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| HDL-C [mg/dl] | 35.8 (7.0) | 35.0 (6.9) | 39.8 (10.71) | 45.0 (9.8) | 34.7 (8.2) | 45.1 (8.4) | 0.176 | < 0.001 | 6.8 (2.9 to 10.7) | < 0.001 | 10.7 (7.2 to 14.7) | < 0.001 |
| MD (95% CI) | –0.8 (–1.4 to –1.9) | 5.1 (2.6 to 7.7) | 10.4 (7.1 to 13.7) | |||||||||
| P† | 0.014 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| VLDL-C [mg/dl] | 21.6 (6.9) | 21.6 (6.4) | 27.1 (12.1) | 19.8 (8.8) | 25.9 (10.8) | 18.3 (5.1) | 0.311 | < 0.001 | –5.1 (–7.5 to –2.7) | < 0.001 | –5.9 (–8.3 to –3.6) | < 0.001 |
| MD (95% CI) | –0.02 (–0.7 to 0.6) | –7.3 (–10.4 to –4.2) | –7.7 (–10.9 to –4.4) | |||||||||
| P† | 0.941 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| TSH [μlU/ml] | 2.8 (1.2) | 2.9 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.3 (0.8) | 3.0 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.2) | 0.387 | 0.875 | –0.1 (–0.9 to 0.7) | 0.973 | –0.1 (–0.9 to 0.6) | 0.949 |
| MD (95% CI) | 0.03 (–0.3 to 0.4) | –0.01 (–0.4 to 0.4) | –0.1 (–0.8 to 0.5) | |||||||||
| P† | 0.865 | 0.962 | 0.650 | |||||||||
| Free T4 [pmol/l] | 15.7 (2.6) | 15.6 (2.7) | 16.4 (2.7) | 15.7 (2.3) | 16.4 (2.9) | 16.0 (2.5) | 0.684 | 0.632 | –0.3 (–1.6 to 0.8) | 0.809 | 0.03 (–1.1 to 1.2) | 1.000 |
| MD (95% CI) | –0.2 (–0.6 to 0.3) | –0.8 (–1.9 to 0.4) | –0.3 (–0.9 to 0.3) | |||||||||
| P† | 0.434 | 0.196 | 0.351 | |||||||||
| Free T3 [pmol/l] | 4.7 (1.1) | 5.1 (2.4) | 4.8 (1.0) | 4.9 (0.8) | 4.9 (1.1) | 4.8 (1.1) | 0.823 | 0.767 | –0.2 (–1.5 to 1.0) | 0.940 | –0.3 (–1.6 to 0.8) | 0.864 |
| MD (95% CI) | 0.4 (–0.7 to 1.5) | 0.04 (–0.7 to 0.7) | –0.1 (–0.5 to 0.4) | |||||||||
| P† | 0.478 | 0.907 | 0.675 | |||||||||
HOMA-IR – homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, TC – total cholesterol, TG – triglycerides, LDL-C – low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C – high-density lipoprotein, VLDL-C – very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TSH – thyroid-stimulating hormone, free T4 – free thyroxine, free T3 – free triiodothyronine, group 1 – clomiphene citrate (CC), group 2 – herbal mixture, group 3 – CC with herbal mixture (Clomiphene – Control), 2×1Difference between group 2 and group 1 after the intervention, 3×1Difference between group 3 and group 1 after the intervention. All numbers are given as mean (SD) except for those specified as MD (95% CI) or P-value, MD (95% CI) – mean differences (95% confidence interval). P† – paired-samples t test for within-group comparison, P0 – one-way ANOVA for between-group comparison at the baseline, P1 – analysis of covariance for between-group comparison after the intervention adjusted for the baseline. Data are presented as mean ± SD for 20 PCOS patients in each group.