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. 2020 Nov 15;12(11):1311–1324. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i11.1311

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©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Schematic of the confocal micro-Raman spectrometer used in this study. A nomadic Raman microscope with an excitation laser at a wavelength of 1064 nm was used in this study. A 20 × magnifying objective lens with a correction collar with near-infrared microscopy (LCPLN20XIR; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and a 2048 × 64 pixel thermoelectric cooled indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), charge-couple device (CCD) detector, with a spectral range of 100-3200 cm^-1 (grating 4 cm^-1) were used to record the spectra.