Figure 4.

The effect of intranasal EV-loaded NEP administration on spatial memory impairment. (A) Distance moved with the platform during four training days, (B) time spent in target quadrant and (C) latency to target quadrant and with the removed platform in the probe trial day. MWM test showed a significant difference in animals which treated by EV-loaded NEP compared to the control group (p < 0.01), and EVs-treated animals (p < 0.05); (N = 8 in each group; the differences between groups were determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey test. † p < 0.05, ∗p < 0.01). Defined groups are Normal, Ctrl: received PBS, EVs: received EVs, EV&NEP: received EV-loaded NEP in the treatment period