Figure 5.

The Effects of intranasal EV-loaded NEP administration on passive avoidance shuttle box and working memory performance on Y-maze. (A) Time in dark compartment, B) step thorough latency on shuttle box, EV-loaded NEP enhanced memory retention compared to EVs (p<0.05) and control groups (p < 0.01). (C) total arms entries and (D) percentage of alteration in the Y-maze test, significant difference was observed between EV-loaded NEP compared to the EVs (p < 0.05) and control groups (p < 0.01); (N = 8 in each group, the differences between groups were determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey test. †p < 0.05, ∗p < 0.01). Defined groups are Normal, Ctrl: received PBS, EVs: received EVs, EV&NEP: received EV-loaded NEP in the treatment period