Figure 8.

The effect of intranasal EV-loaded NEP administration on inflammation suppression and apoptotic processes at mRNA level in brain. Real-Time analysis of (A) BCL-2 as an anti-apoptotic factor, (B) BAX as a pro-apoptotic and (C) IL-1 beta as an inflammation factor in the brain hippocampus of the Normal, Control, EVs, and EV-loaded NEP groups. Down regulation of BAX and IL-1 and upregulation of BCL-2 were observed in EV-loaded NEP group in comparison EVs (p < 0.01) and control groups (p < 0.0001); (n = 4 in each group, the differences between groups were determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey test, ∗∗p < 0.0001, ∗p < 0.01). GAPDH gene was used as control gene. Defined groups are Normal, Ctrl: received PBS, EVs: received EVs, EV&NEP: received EV-loaded NEP in the treatment period