Table 2. National capacity for surveillance and containment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, European countries, 2019 (n = 37).

Country		NRL	Routine referral of suspected CRAb isolates to NRL	National system for surveillance	National recommendation or obligation for notification	National guideline on phenotypic carbapenem susceptibility testing	National guideline on molecular characterisation of carbapenem resistance	National recommendation or guideline on infection control measures for CRAb	National plan for containment of CRAb	National policy or guideline on screening
Albania		Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Austria		Yes	Subset of isolates	Voluntary	No	No	No	No	No	Selective screening
Belgium		Yes	Subset of isolates	Mandatory	Yes	Yes	No	For single cases and outbreaks	Yes	Selective screening
Bosnia and Herzegovinaa		No	NA	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Bulgaria		Yes	Subset of isolates	Voluntary	No	Yes	No	For single cases and outbreaks	In preparation	No
Croatia		No	NA	Mandatory	No	No	No	In preparation for single cases	No	Selective screening
Cyprus		No	NA	Voluntary	No	No	No	No	No	No
Czechia		Expert laboratoryb	Subset of isolates	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Denmark		Yes	All isolates	Mandatory	No	Yes	No	For single cases and outbreaks	Yes	Selective screening
Estonia		No	NA	No	In preparation	No	No	No	No	No
Finland		Expert laboratoryb	Subset of isolates	Mandatory	Yes	No	Yes	For single cases and outbreaks	Yes	Selective screening
France		Yes	All isolates	Voluntary	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Germany		Yes	Subset of isolates	Mandatory	Yes	No	No	For single cases	No	No
Greece		No	NA	Voluntary	Yes, for bacteraemias	No	No	For single cases and outbreaks	Yes	No
Hungary		Yes	Subset of isolates	Mandatory	Yes	Yes	No	For single cases and outbreaks	In preparation	Selective screening
Iceland		Expert laboratoryb	All isolates	Mandatory	Yes	Yes	Yes	For single cases and outbreaks	Yes	Selective screening
Ireland		Yes	Subset of isolates	Mandatory	Yes	Yes	Yes	For single cases	No	No
Italy		Expert laboratoryb	No	Voluntary	No	No	No	Yesc	No	No
Kosovod		Expert laboratoryb	All isolates	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Latvia		Expert laboratoryb	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No answer	No answer	No
Lithuania		Expert laboratoryb	Subset of isolates	Mandatory	No	No	No	No	No	No
Luxembourg		Expert laboratoryb	All isolates	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Malta		Expert laboratoryb	All isolates	Voluntary	Othere	No	No	Yese	No	No
Montenegro		No	NA	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
The Netherlands		Expert laboratoryb	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No
North Macedonia		Expert laboratoryb	No	Yesf	No	No	No	Nog	No	No
Norway		Yes	All isolates	Mandatory	Yes	Yes	No	For single cases and outbreaks	Yes	Selective screening
Poland		Expert laboratoryb	Subset of isolates	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Portugal		Yes	Subset of isolates	Mandatory	Yes	Yes	No	In preparation	In preparation	No
Romania		Expert laboratoryb	Subset of isolates	Voluntary	No	No	No	In preparation	No	No
Serbia		Yes	Subset of isolates	In preparation	No	No	No	No	No	No
Slovakia		No	NA	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Slovenia		Expert laboratoryb	No	No	No	Yes	No	Noh	No	No
Spain		Expert laboratoryb	Subset of isolates	In preparation	In preparation	Yes	No	In preparation	Yes	No
Sweden		Yes	All isolates	Voluntary	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Selective screening
Turkey		Yes	No	Voluntary	Yes	Yes	No	For outbreaks	No	Selective screening
UK	England	Yes	Subset of isolates	Voluntary	In preparation	Yes	No	For outbreaks	No	Yes
	Northern Ireland	Yes	Subset of isolates	No	No	Yes	Do not know	Otherh	No	No
	Scotland	Yes	All isolates	Voluntary	Yes	Yes	No	For single cases and outbreaks	Yes	No
	Wales	Yes	All isolates	In preparation	No	Yes	No	Otheri	No	Selective screening

CRAb: carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; NA: not applicable; NRL: national reference laboratory; UK: United Kingdom.

^a Results reported for Bosnia and Herzegovina only apply to Republic of Srpska.

^b An expert laboratory fulfils the role of a NRL.

^c Regional or local recommendations/guidelines apply.

^d This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council resolution 1244/99 and the International Court of Justice Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.

^e All organisms are isolated in one laboratory, which is interfaced with the surveillance unit.

^f There is a national system for surveillance of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, but not specifically for CRAb. It is an obligation to report these microorganisms through the Centers of Public Health to the National Institute of Public health.

^g There is no national recommendation or guideline on infection control measures for CRAb, but World Health Organization guidelines are followed.

^h Guidelines available at institutional level.

ⁱ Part of the general policy on multidrug-resistant organisms.