Table 3. Methods used by national reference or expert laboratories for species identification, phenotypic carbapenem susceptibility testing and genotypic characterisation of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAb), European countries, 2019 (n = 37).

Country		Method for species determination				Method for phenotypic carbapenem susceptibility testing						Method for genotypic characterisation of carbapenem resistance
		Biochemical	MALDI-TOF	PCR/gene sequencing	WGS	Automated system	Disc diffusion	Gradient test	Commercial broth microdilution	Agar dilution	In-house broth microdilution	PCR	Real-time PCR	Single-gene sequencing	WGS	Other
Albania		Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Not performed
Austria		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yesa
Belgium		No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No
Bosnia and Herzegovinab		No NRL or expert laboratory
Bulgaria		Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Croatia		No NRL or expert laboratory
Cyprus		No NRL or expert laboratory
Czechia		Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No
Denmark		No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
Estonia		No NRL or expert laboratory
Finland		No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
France		No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No
Germany		No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No
Greece		No NRL or expert laboratory
Hungary		No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No
Iceland		No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yesc
Ireland		No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Italyd		Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No
Kosovoe		Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Not performed
Latvia		Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Lithuania		No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Not performed
Luxembourg		No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
Malta		No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Not performed
Montenegro		No NRL or expert laboratory
The Netherlands		No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No
North Macedonia		Yes	N	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Norway		No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No
Poland		Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Portugal		No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No
Romania		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No
Serbia		No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Slovakia		No NRL or expert laboratory
Slovenia		No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Spain		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Sweden		No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
Turkey		No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
UK	England	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
	Northern Ireland	See UK – England
	Scotland	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Not performed
	Wales	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No

MALDI-TOF: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; NRL: national reference laboratory; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; UK: United Kingdom; WGS: whole genome sequencing.

^a Commercial multiplex nucleic acid amplification methods.

^b Results reported for Bosnia and Herzegovina only apply to Republic of Srpska.

^c Commercial loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

^d Species determination, phenotypic and genotypic characterisation are not routinely performed but only upon request.

^e This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council resolution 1244/99 and the International Court of Justice Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.