Table 2.
Characteristics of Respondents in Studies Using the EKhp and RKhp Instruments
| Study | Gender n (%) | Additional Question(s) n (%) | Age in Years (Range, SD) | Professional Education n (%) | Employment Status n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leino-Kilpi et al 200516,a | Female 85 (36) Male 152 (64) |
Discharge: Home (94) Other healthcare (6) |
Mean 53 (16–84, SD 17) |
None (30) Undergraduate/ graduate (70) |
Employed (41) Retired (41) Students/ unemployed (18) Employed in health/social care (16) |
| Heikkinen et al 200728,b | Female 65 (54) Male 55 (46) |
- | Mean 46 (19–83, SD 14) |
None 17 (15) Secondary level 48 (43) Upper secondary 30 (27) University 17 (15) |
Employed 77 (64) Retired 20 (17) Home work 4 (3) Student 6 (5) Unemployed 11 (9) Sick leave 2 (2) |
| Rankinen et al 200729,a | Female 84 (36) Male 151 (64) |
1. Chronic disease: Yes 116 (50) No 115 (50) 2. Hospital admission: Elective 171 (72) Emergency 66 (28) 3. Reason for stay: Investigation 26 (11) Procedure 185 (78) Treatment 15 (7) Check-up 5 (2) Other 4 (2) |
Mean 53 (16–84, SD 17) |
- | Employed 97 (41) Retired 96 (40) House work 8 (3) Student 14 (6) Unemployed 11 (5) Other 11 (5) Employed in health/social care 39 (16) |
| Leino-Kilpi et al 200931,b | Female 77 (53) Male 68 (47) |
1. Previous Ambulatory surgery: Yes (51) No (49) 2. Surgery was: Orthopedic (83) Urological/Plastic (17) |
Mean 48 (19–83, SD 15) |
None 25 (19) Vocational school 58 (43) College education 34 (25) Academic degree 18 (13) |
Employed 87 (60) |
| Montin et al 201032 | Female 85 (69) Male 38 (31) |
1. Chronic disease: Yes 80 (65) No 37 (30) 2. Preoperative visit to nurse: Yes 64 (52) No 53 (43) 3. Discharge: Home 105 (85) Healthcare center 17 (14) 4. Positive evaluation of hospitalization: Yes 116 (94) No 7 (6) 5. Time on waiting list in months: For this hospital 1.5 (Range 0–9, SD 1.5) First for another hospital 8.0 (Range 2–36, SD 5.3) 6. Length of present hospital stay in days: 6.7 (Range 4–13, SD 1.7) |
Mean 68 (38–87, SD 10) |
None 37 (30) Secondary level 25 (20) Upper secondary/college 27 (22) Polytechnic/university 13 (11) |
Employed 15 (12) Retired 104 (85) Home work 1 (1) Unemployed 3 (2) |
| Ryhänen et al 201230 | Control group (CG): Female 43 (100) Intervention group (IG): Female 47(100) |
1. Marital status: CG: Married 30 (70) Single/divorced/widow 13 (26) IG: Married 41 (87) Single/divorced/widow 6 (13) 2. Number of children: Mean 1.6 (range 0–4) 3. Monthly income: CG: None 1 (2) Under 1000€ 12 (28) 1000–2000€ 23 (54) Over 2000€ 7 (16) IG: None 1 (2) Under 1000€ 17 (36) 1000–2000€ 31 (66) Over 2000€ 8 (17) |
CG: n=2: 40–45 n=28: 46–60 n=13: 60–69 IG: n=6: 40–45 n=29: 46–60 n=12: 60–69 |
CG: None 10 (23) Secondary level 10 (23) Upper secondary 13 (30) University 10 (23) IG: None 4 (9) Secondary level 10 (21) Upper secondary 24 (51) University 9 (19) |
CG: Employed 27 (63) Retired 12 (28) Unemployed 3 (7) Other 1 (2) Employed in health care 16 (40) IG: Employed 36 (77) Retired 10 (21) Unemployed 1 (2) Other 1 (2) Employed in health care 20 (43) |
| Ingadottir et al 201491,c | Female 152 (52) Male 137 (47) |
1. Discharge: Home 251 (87) Another care institution 32 (11) Other 3 (1) 2. First arthroplasty: Yes 210 (72) No 80 (28) |
Mean 64 (SD 9) | None 82 (28) Secondary level 74 (26) College level 56 (19) Academic degree 39 (13) Other 19 (7) Missing 20 (7) |
Employed 89 (31) Retired 172 (59) Other 23 (8) Missing 6 (2) Employed in health/social care 76 (26) |
| Johansson Stark et al 201492,c | Female 177 (55) Male 143 (45) |
Earlier Arthroplasty: First 244 (76) Second or more 76 (24) |
Mean 64 (SD 11) |
None 77 (26) Secondary level 71 (24) College level 74 (25) Academic level 53 (18) Other 20 (7) |
Employed 146 (46) Retired 154 (49) Other 16 (5) Employed in health/social care 81 (26) |
| Vaartio-Rajalin et al 201458 | Female 212 (64) Male 120 (36) |
1. Hospital visit: Planned 298 (90) Acute 28 (8) 2 Reason for hospital visit: Outpatient care/intervention 151 (45) Follow up 92 (28) Care on ward 53 (16) Diagnostic intervention 11 (3) Surgical intervention 10 (3) Other 15 (5) 3. Chronic disease: Yes 248 (75) No 78 (23) 4. Earlier experience in this hospital: Yes 248 (94) No 20 (6) |
Median 61 (61–85) |
No education 54 (16) Low (professional courses, no exams) 96 (29) Institute 83 (25) University 87 (26) |
Retired 159 (48) Employed outside home 140 (42) Unemployed 15 (5) Working at home 4 (1) Student 3 (1) Work experience in health/social care 245 (74) |
| Valkeapää et al 201493,c | Female 1007 (62) Male 369 (37) |
1. Chronic disease: Yes 720 (44) No 850 (52) 2. Earlier arthroplasty: First 1103 (67) Second or more 322 (20) |
Mean 67 (25–91, SD 10) |
None 694 (43) Secondary level 329 (20) College level 229 (14) Academic 171 (11) Missing 211 (13) |
Employed 416 (26) Retired 875 (54) Working at home 166 (10) Unemployed 30 (2) Other 57 (4) Missing 90 (6) Employed in health/social care 257 (16) |
| Eloranta et al 201561,c | Patients: Female 114 (55) Relatives: Female 106 (60) |
1. Chronic disease: Patients: Yes 103 (50) Relatives: Yes 71 (40) 2.First arthroplasty: Patients: Yes 158 (76) Nurses 3. Occupation: Registered nurse 34 (79) Practical nurse 9 (21) 4. Permanent employment: Yes 39 (93) 5. Work experience in healthcare in years: Mean 18 (range 1–39) 6. Work experience in current unit in years: Mean 10 (range 1–29) |
Patient: Mean 62 (25–86) Relatives: Mean 57 (17–84) Nurses: Mean 44 (24–61) |
Patients: None 62 (30) Secondary level 44 (21) Upper secondary level or higher 36 (17) Relatives: None 41 (23) Secondary level 41 (23) Upper secondary level or higher 48 (27) |
Patients: Employed 65 (32) Retired 128 (63) Other 11 (5) Employed in health/social care 42 (20) Relatives: Employed 88 (50) Retired 73 (41) Other 16 (9) Employed in health/social care 47 (27) |
| Ingadottir et al 201557 | Male 82 (79) | 1. New York Heart Association’s functional classification: Class I 5 (6) Class II 35 (40) Class III 47 (53) Class IV 1 (1) 2. Comorbidities: Hypertension 48 (47) Myocardial infarction 39 (38) Diabetes mellitus 23 (23) Chronic kidney disease 15 (15) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 11 (11) 3. Medication: Beta-blockers 92 (93) Diuretics 82 (83) Statins 60 (61) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 54 (55) Antiplatelets 49 (50) Anticoagulants 44 (44) Angiotensin II receptor blockers 40 (40) Vasodilators 32 (32) Digitalis 19 (19) 4. Living with spouse/other person: 81 (79) |
Mean 70 (41–90, SD 10) | Basic education (≤9 years) 45 (44) College level 29 (28) Academic degree 27 (27) Other 1 (1) |
Employed 21 (20) Retired 75 (72) Other 8 (8) History of employment within health care 18 (18) |
| Klemetti et al 201594,c | Female 565 (60) Male 378 (40) |
Chronic disease: Yes 445 (48) No 807 (86) |
Mean 67 (25–91, SD 11) |
No vocational education 493 (52) Secondary vocational education 216 (23) College level 138 (15) Academic degree 96 (10) |
Employed 264 (28) Retired 508 (54) Working at home 117 (12) Unemployed 19 (2) Other 35 (4) Employed in health/social care 136 (14) |
| Leino-Kilpi et al 201563 | Female (53) | 1. Marital status: Single 22 (11) Married 128 (62) Divorced 20 (10) Widow 34 (17) 2. Type of admission: Emergency 136 (60) Elective 90 (40) 3. Times in this hospital: First time 51 (25) Second or more 153 (75) 4. Patient room: Single 16 (7) Double 88 (39) Triple or more 90 (40) Placed in corridor due to lack of room 30 (14) 5. Procedures of visit: Investigation 119 (55) Surgical operation (general anesthesia) 4 (2) Surgical operation (local anesthesia) 44 (21) Medication and/or infusion 39 (18) Counseling visit/patient education 5 (2) Other 4 (2) 6. Current state of health: Excellent 10 (5) Good 83 (38) Fairly good 116 (53) Poor 9 (4) 7. Got enough advance information before hospitalization: Yes 154 (78) No 44 (22) 8. Pain during the hospital visit (scale 0–10): Mean 3.95 (SD 3.07) 9. Strength of pain at present (0–10): Mean 1.58 (SD 1.95) 10. Strength of worst pain during hospital period (0–10): Mean 4.72 (SD 3.30) |
Mean 59 | Comprehensive basic education 109 (49) Upper secondary education 9 (4) Vocational education 90 (40) Academic degree 15 (7) |
Employed 67 (29) Unemployed 10 (4) Retired 144 (63) Student 5 (2) Other 4 (2) |
| Sigurdardottir et al 201564,c | Female 397 (64) Male 2019 (35) |
1. Relationship to patient: Spouse 359 (59) Children 191 (31) Other 55 (9) 2. Chronic disease: Yes 140 (23) No 463 (76) |
Mean 57 (17–90, SD 14.5) |
None 196 (37) Secondary 129 (24) College level 106 (20) Academic level 103 (19) |
Employed 311 (53) Retired 196 (27) Stay-at-home 47 (8) Student 28 (5) Unemployed 23 (4) Employed in health care 140 (23) |
| Johansson Stark et al 201665,c | Patients: Female 136 (45) Male 166 (55) Spouses or cohabitants: Female 163 (54) Male 139 (46) |
Patients: 1. Type of arthroplasty: Hip replacement 152 (50) Knee replacement 151 (50) 2. Hospital stay in days: 16 (SD 5) Spouses: 3. Chronic disease: Yes 110 (36) No 191 (63) |
Patients: Mean 65 (34–85, SD 9) Spouses: 64 (27–90, SD 10) |
Spouses: None 63 (24) Secondary 84 (32) College level 66 (25) Academic level 52 (20) |
Spouses: Employed 125 (42) Retired 154 (51) Other 22 (7) Employed in health care 84 (28) |
| Johansson Stark et al 201695,c |
Hip replacement: Female 220 (53) Knee replacement: Female 273 (61) |
1. First arthroplasty: Hip 311 (76) Knee 321 (72) Second or more: Hip 98 (24) Knee 122 (28) 2. Hospital stay in days: Mean 8 (SD 6) 3. Hospital stay as expected: Hip: Yes 370 (91) Knee: Yes 407 (92) |
Hip replacement: Mean 65 (28–91, SD 12) Knee replacement: Mean 67 (35–90, SD 9) |
Hip replacement: None 155 (42) Secondary level 86 (23) College level 79 (21) Academic level 53 (14) Knee replacement: None 214 (53) Secondary level 93 (23) College level 57 (14) Academic level 43 (11) |
Hip replacement: Employed 154 (39) Retired 210 (54) Stay at home 20 (5) Unemployed 6 (2) History of employment in social/health care Yes 80 (20) Knee replacement: Employed 109 (26) Retired 252 (60) Stay at home 53 (12) Unemployed 9 (2) History of employment in social/health care Yes 73 (17) |
| Klemetti et al 201656,c | Female 871 (60) Male 555 (38) |
Chronic disease: Yes 656 (45) No 738 (51) |
Mean 67 (25–91, SD 11) |
None 646 (45) Secondary vocational education 266 (18) College level vocational education 209 (15) Academic degree 145 (10) |
Employed 375 (26) Retired 766 (53) Working at home 157 (11) Unemployed 22 (2) Other 43 (3) Employed in health/social care 239 (17) |
| Koekenbier et al 201696,c | Female 463 (61) Male 299 (39) |
1. Current surgery: Hip arthroplasty 303 (40) Knee arthroplasty 457 (60) 2. First arthroplasty: 588 (77) Second or more 176 (23) |
Mean 68 (28–91) | None 318 (47) Secondary vocational degree 154 (23) College level vocational degree 110 (16) Academic degree 91 (14) |
Employed 204 (28) Retired 425 (58) Stay-at-home 72 (10) Unemployed 11 (1) Other 26 (3) |
| Leino-Kilpi et al 201662,d | Patients whose family members participated in the care (FMP): Female 88 (37) Male 149 (63) Patients whose family members did not participate in the care (no FMP): Female 81 (45) Male 100 (55) |
1. Living arrangements: Live alone FMP 50 (21) no FMP 45 (25) Live with family members FMP 185 (79) no FMP 136 (75) 2. Current admission into hospital: Emergency FMP 73 (32) no FMP 49 (28) Scheduled FMP 155 (68) no FMP 126 (72) 3. Main reason for hospitalization: Examination FMP 14 (6) no FMP 0 (0) Surgical treatment FMP 188 (81) no FMP 141 (83) Medical/infusion therapy FMP 25 (11) no FMP 27 (16) 4. Chronic disease: FMP 120 (52) no FMP 85 (48) 5. Current state of health: FMP: Excellent 16 (7) Good 95 (41) Fairly good 107 (46) Poor 14 (6) No FMP: Excellent 13 (7) Good 77 (43) Fairly good 86 (48) Poor 2 (1) 6. Average length of hospital stay: FMP 4.7 (range 1–30, SD 4.1) no FMP 3.7 (SD 3.1) |
FMP: Mean 61 (16–93, SD 17) no FMP: Mean 55 (18–88, SD 16.5) |
- | - |
| Pellinen et al 201659 | Female 164 (66) Male 83 (34) |
1. Chronic disease: Yes 177 (74) No 63 (26) 2. Knee osteoarthritis counseling: Yes 122 (51) No 116 (49) |
Mean 68 (25–89) | None 84 (40) Lower secondary level 62 (30) Upper secondary level 44 (21) University level 18 (9) |
Employed/home work 28 (12) Retired 186 (82) Unemployed 14 (6) |
| Copanitsanou et al 201797,c | Female 772 (60) Male 486 (38) |
1. Chronic disease: Yes 591 (46) No 637 (49) 2. Reason for hospital stay: Hip arthroplasty 507 (39) Knee arthroplasty 744 (58) 3. First hip/knee arthroplasty 979 (76) Second or more 284 (22) 4. Previously in this hospital: Yes 916 (71) No 329 (26) |
Mean 68 (25–91, SD 10) |
None 547 (42) Secondary vocational education 227 (18) College level vocational education 192 (15) Academic degree 135 (10) Missing 187 (15) |
Employed 336 (26) Retired 671 (52) Working at home 140 (11) Unemployed 17 (1) Other 36 (3) Missing 88 (7) Employed in health or social care 225 (18) |
| Salonen et al 201760 | Male 53 (100) | Marital status: Living alone: 10 (19) Married/Living together 43 (81) |
Mean 67 (32–79, SD 9) |
None 9 (18) Lower secondary level 17 (33) Upper secondary level 9 (18) Academic level 16 (31) |
Employed 15 (28) Retired 38 (72) |
| Cano-Plans et al 201854,c | Female 187 (74) Male 66 (26) |
1. Length of hospital stay in days: Mean 7.6 (SD 1) 2. Chronic disease: Yes 138 (55) No 111 (45) 3. Previous hospital contact: Yes 208 (80) No 52 (20) 4. Operative procedure: Hip arthroplasty 6 (3) Knee arthroplasty 237 (97) 5. Discharge: Home 203 (94) Different care organization 12 (6) |
Mean 70 (38–87, SD 9) |
Education: Basic or less 150 (61) Primary school 53 (22) Secondary school 42 (17) Academic degree: None 170 (81) Vocational education 23 (11) Diploma 9 (4) University degree 8 (4) |
Employed 30 (13) Retired 125 (56) Working at home 64 (28) Unemployed 4 (2) Other 2 (1) Employed in health/social care 18 (7) |
| Charalambous et al 201866,c | Patients: Female (62) Significant others: Female (64) |
1. Chronic disease: Patients (52) Significant others (40) Patients: 2. Knee arthroplasty (61) 3. First knee or hip arthroplasty (67) Significant others: 4. Relationship to patient: Spouses (59) Children (31) |
Patients: Mean 67 (SD 11) Significant others: Mean 57 (17–90, SD 14.5) |
Patients: Lower educational level (54) Significant others: None (32) |
Patients: Retired (47) Significant others: Employed (51) Retired (21) |
| Copanitsanou et al 201867,c | Female (69) Male (31) |
1. Relationship: Spouse (34) Child (53) Other (friend, neighbor) (13) 2. Chronic disease: Yes (27) No (73) |
Mean 53 (19–90, SD 15) |
None (58) Secondary vocational education (19) College-level vocational education (13) Academic degree (10) |
Employed (55) Retired (23) Working at home (housekeeping) (15) Unemployed (7) Other (1) Employed in health/social care (10) |
| Copanitsanou et al 201968,c | Patients: Female 131 (77) Male 49 (27) Significant others: Female 58 (81) Male 13 (18) |
- | Patients: Mean 72 (46–91, SD 8) Significant others: Mean 51 (20–90, SD 15) |
Patients: None 146 (81) Secondary vocational education 17 (9) College level vocational education 8 (4) Academic degree 5 (3) Significant others: None 33 (46) Secondary vocational education 13 (18) College level vocational education 10 (14) Academic degree 11 (15) |
Patients: Employed 7 (4) Retired 108 (60) Working at home 53 (30) Unemployed 3 (2) Other 1 (1) Significant others: Employed 23 (54) Retired 10 (14) Working at home 18 (25) Unemployed 2 (3) Other 1 (1) |
| Gröndahl et al 201955,d | Female 200 (42) Male 277 (58) |
1. Living arrangement: Live alone 115 (24) Live with family member 359 (76) 2. Type of admission into hospital: Emergency 135 (29) Elective 323 (71) 3. First time at hospital generally: Yes 50 (11) No 420 (89) 4. First time in current hospital: Yes 177 (38) No 286 (62) 5. Days spent in this hospital: Mean 4.4 (range 1–42, SD 4.2) 6. Reason for hospitalization: Examination 28 (3) Surgical treatment 373 (39) Medication/infusion therapy 60 (6) Guidance/counseling 481 (51) Other 6 (1) 7. Chronic disease: Yes 228 (49) No 234 (51) 8. Current state of health: Excellent 34 (7) Good 196 (42) Fairly good 216 (47) Poor 17 (4) |
Mean 59 (16–93, SD 17) |
Comprehensive school 169 (36) Matriculation examination 19 (4) Vocational qualification 237 (50) University degree 48 (10) |
Employed 173 (36) Unemployed 24 (5) Retired 255 (53) Stay-at-home mom/ dad 7 (1) Student 18 (4) |
Notes: aData collected in the same study; bData collected in the same study; cEmpowering Surgical Orthopedic Patients Through Education study; dData collected in the same study.
Abbreviations: EKhp, The Expected Knowledge of Hospital Patients; RKhp, The Received Knowledge of Hospital Patients; SD, standard deviation.