Table 2.
Review of colon choriocarcinoma cases
| Case (N = 32) | Sex/age (years) | Primary tumor | Metastatic tumor | Peak serum β-hCG (mIU/ml) | Treatment/management | Survival (months) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location | Histology | Location | Histology | |||||
| Park and Reid 1980 [1] | F/49 | Sigmoid | A + C | Liver, lung, diaphragm, rLN, dLN | C | NR | Palliative resection with colostomy | 3.5 |
| Nguyen 1982 [2] | M/74 | Sigmoid | A + C | Liver | NR | 186,000 | Laparotomy with sigmoidectomy | 2.5 |
| Ordóñez and Luna 1984 [3] | F/35 | Ascending/cecum | A + C | Liver, lung, pleura, pericardium, rLN, dLN, bone | C | 1612 | Explorative laparotomy with right hemicolectomy | 3 |
| Kubosawa et al. 1984 [4] | F/50 | Sigmoid | A + C | Liver, lung, dLN | C | 230,000 | Hartmann operation with colostomy | 1 |
| Metz et al. 1985 [5] | F/42 | Sigmoid | A + C | Liver, lung, spleen, rLN, dLN | A + C | 154,000 | Explorative laparotomy | 1 |
| Lind and Haghighi 1986 [6] | M/42 | Ascending | C | Liver, lung, spleen, bone, dLN, kidneys, brain | C | 610,000 |
Laparotomy Bleomycin + vinblastine + cisplatin Whole-brain irradiation |
1 |
| Ostör et al. 1993 [7] | F/28 | Rectum | A + C | Liver, rLNs | C + YS | 1.4 × 106 |
Anterior resection EMA + leucovorin (one dose) |
3 |
| Rodilla et al. 1995 [8] | M/84 | Rectum | C | rLN | C | 5 |
Local radiotherapy Cyclophosphamide + doxorubicin (four cycles) Laparotomy with rectosigmoidectomy |
3.5 |
| Tokisue et al. 1996 [9] | F/29 | Rectum | A + C | Lung, brain | NR | 49,000 |
EMA Surgical resection EMA + cisplatin + doxorubicin (two cycles) Whole-brain irradiation |
10 |
| Kim et al. 1997 [10] | F/66 | Ascending | A + C | NR | NR | NR | Surgical resection | NR |
| Oh et al. 1997 [11] | M/60 | Sigmoid | A + C | Liver, lung, thyroid, brain, larynx, rLN | C | 8772 |
Sigmoidectomy MTX + vincristine + VP16 + leucovorin (six cycles) Whole-body radiation |
15 |
| Kiran et al. 2001 [12] | M/68 | Rectum | A + C | Liver, rLN | A + C | > 700,000 |
Hartmann procedure Total colectomy |
NR |
| Petricek, 2001 [13] | M/29 | Transverse | A + C + YS | Liver, rLN, dLN | YS | 729 μg/L | None | 6 days |
| Le et al. 2003 [14] | M/73 | Ascending | C | Lung, brain, kidney, pancreas, rLN, descending colon | C | 146,000 | None | 10 days |
| Verbeek et al. 2004 [15] | F/54 | Rectum | A + C | Liver, lung | C | 102,000 |
Surgical resection VIP-cisplatin (four cycles) Thoracotomy with resection of residual lung metastases |
8 |
| Jeong et al. 2007 [16] | M/52 | Rectum | A + C | Liver, lung, rLN | C | 42,910 |
Abdominoperineal resection BEP-cisplatin |
1.5 |
| Kawahara et al. 2009 [17] | M/62 | Ascending/cecum | A + C + YS | Liver, intramural, dLN | C + YS | NR |
Right hemicolectomy 5-FU via hepatic arterial infusion |
4 |
| Froylich et al. 2010 [18] | F/57 | Descending | C | Lung, bone, brain | A + C | 13,000 |
Left colectomy VIP-cisplatin + mesna (four cycles) Bilateral upper lobectomies |
16 |
| Gifford et al. 2010 [19] | F/33 | Colon (unspecified) | C | Liver, lung, omentum | NR | 116,725 | Chemotherapy, unspecified (several cycles) | 4.5 |
| Harada et al. 2012 [20] | F/58 | Sigmoid | A + C | None | – | 2420 |
Hartmann operation Mitomycin C EMA UFT + leucovorin (ten cycles) |
60+ |
| Jiang et al. 2013 [21] | M/36 | Ascending | C | Liver, rLN | C | 10,000 |
Colectomy BEP-cisplatin |
6+ |
| Maehira et al. 2013 [22] | M/68 | Sigmoid | A + C | Liver, rLN | C | 3929 ng/ml |
Sigmoidectomy mFOLFOX6 mFOLFOX6 + bevacizumab (eight cycles) FOLFIRI + bevacizumab |
9 |
| Mardi et al. 2014 [23] | F/54 | Rectum | A + C | rLN | NR | 4568 |
Radical resection 5-FU + leucovorin |
50 days |
| Tsujimoto et al. 2014 [24] | M/38 | Sigmoid | A + C | Liver, adrenals, peritoneum | NR | 1.32 ng/ml |
Sigmoidectomy mFOLFOX6 + bevacizumab |
59 days |
| Julián et al. 2015 [25] | M/45 | Sigmoid | A + C | Liver, rLN | A + C | 22,288 |
BEP-cisplatin (two cycles) Exploratory laparotomy with palliative colostomy |
3 |
| Oh et al. 2015 [26] | F/61 | Sigmoid | A + C | Liver | NR | 35 |
FOLFIRI + bevacizumab (five cycles) FOLFOX (three cycles) |
13 |
| Koelzer et al. 2016 [27] | F/61 | Cecum | C | Liver, peritoneum, spleen, uterus, ovary, rectum, bone | NR | 70,173 |
Right hemicolectomy XELOXIRI + bevacizumab (two cycles) BEP Carboplatin + bleomycin Ifosfamide + vinblastine Surgical tumor debulking Paclitaxel (two cycles) |
34 |
| Parker et al. 2016 [28] | F/51 | Ascending | A + C | Liver, mesentery, dLN | NR | 96,000 | EMA/CO | NR |
| Pezzuto et al. 2017 [29] | M/47 | Cecum | C | Lung, brain | NR | NR | Colectomy with lymph node dissection | NR-”died in a little time” |
| Iliev et al. 2018 [30] | −−/54 | Ascending | C | rLN | C | 67.1 |
Extended right hemicolectomy EMA (3 months) |
12+ |
| Fang et al. 2019 [31] | F/29 | Ascending | C | Lung, vertebrae | NR | NR | None | Few days |
| Our patient | F/26 | Sigmoid | A + C | Liver, lung | A + C | 916,335 |
Sigmoidectomy FOLFOX (one dose) EMA/CO (14 cycles) FOLFOX + bevacizumab (5 cycles) FOLFIRI + bevacizumab |
TBD |
Abbreviations: A adenocarcinoma, BEP bleomycin + etoposide (VP16) + platinum, C choriocarcinoma, dLN distant lymph nodes, EMA/CO etoposide + methotrexate (MTX) + actinomycin D ± cyclophosphamide + vincristine, FOLFIRI folinic acid + fluorouracil (5FU) + irinotecan, FOLFOX folinic acid + fluorouracil (5FU) + oxaliplatin, NR not reported, rLN regional lymph nodes, TBD to be determined, UFT uracil + tegafur, VIP etoposide (VP16) + ifosfamide + cisplatin, XELOXIRI capecitabine, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, YS yolk sac