Table 2.
Effect of dietary vegetable or marine supplements on the fatty acid composition of bovine milk when animals are fed on corn silage-based diets
| Lipid supplements used | Effect on milk fatty acids | Milk yield | Ref. |
|
1) Control (corn silage based TMR) 2) Fish oil (FO; 3%DM) 3) Soybean oil (SO; 3%DM) |
↑ SFA FO and SO ↑ trans- C18:1; ↑ cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 by FO |
No effect | [319] |
|
1) Control (corn silage based TMR) 2) Olive oil (OO; 3%DM) 3) Hydrogenated palm oil (HPO;3%DM) |
↓ SFA by OO ↑ cis-9 C18:1; ↑ cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 C18:3 by OO |
↑ by OO | [320] |
|
1) Control (corn silage based TMR) 2) Soybean oil (SO; 3%DM) 3) Hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3%DM) |
↑ C18:1 trans including trans-11 C18:1 by SO | No effect | [321] |
|
1) Control (corn silage based TMR) 2) Fish oil (FO; 2.6%DM) 3) FO (1.3%DM) + HPO (1.3%DM) |
↑ C18:1 trans-11; ↑ DHA; ↓ C6:0, C8:0, C10:0 and C14:0 by FO | No effect | [322] |
|
1) Control (corn silage based TMR) 2) Soybean oil (SO; 2.3%DM) 3) Linseed oil (LO; 2.3%DM) |
↑ PUFA; ↑ cis-9, trans-11 C18:2; ↓ SFA by SO and LO | No effect | [154] |
|
1) Control (corn silage based TMR) 2) Extruded linseed (EL; 22 g/kg DM) 3) Ca salts of palm and linseed oils (PLO; 22 g/kg DM) 4) Milled rapeseed (MR; 22 g/kg DM) |
↑ CLA; ↓ SFA by EL, PLO, and MR |
↑ by EL ↑ by PLO ↑ by MR |
[323] |
|
1) Prilled fat (3.5%DM) Unprocessed oilseeds: 2) Rapeseed (6.9%DM) 3) Cottonseed (18.4%DM) 4) Linseed (7.5%DM) |
↑ MUFA; ↑ PUFA by all three unprocessed oilseeds | No effect | [324] |
|
1) Control (corn silage based TMR) 2) Microalgae 2 g/kg DM 3) Microalgae 4 g/kg DM 4) Microalgae 6 g/kg DM |
↓ C18:0, ↓ cis-9 C18:1, ↓ cis-9, cis-12 C18:2; ↓ cis-9,12,15 C18:3; ↑ cis-9,trans-11 C18:2; ↑ trans-9 C18:1; ↑ trans-11 C18:1 by microalgae | No effect | [325] |
|
1) Control (corn silage based TMR 2) Rubber seed oil (RO; 4%DM) 3) Flaxseed oil (FO; 4%DM) 4)2%DM of RO and 2%DM of FO |
↑ trans-11 C18:1; ↑ cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 by RO and FO |
↑ by RO ↑ by FO ↑ by RO + FO |
[326] |
|
1) Control (corn silage TMR) 2) Palmitic acid TAG (PA; 1.7%DM) 3)Ca-salts of palm FA (CAF; 1.8%DM) |
↓ de novo/preformed FA by PA and CAF ↑ C16:0 by PA |
↑ by PA and CAF | [327] |
|
1) Control (sorghum silage TMR) 2) Palmitic acid (PA; 4%DM) |
↑ SFA by PA | ↑ by PA | [152] |
|
Corn silage TMR’s with: 1) Ca salts of palm oil (PA; 12.3%DM) 2) Corn grain and wheat (GW; 13.4% corn silage, 4%DM barley grain, 12%DM wheat starch, 25%DM wheat middlings) 3) Extruded rapeseeds (RS; 24.5%DM) 4) Extruded sunflower seeds (SS; 24.5%DM) |
↑ SFA by PA and GW ↑ MUFA by RS and SS |
No effect | [328] |
|
1) Corn silage TMR 2)C16:0 (PA; 1.5%DM) 3)C16:0 and C18:0 (MIX; 1.5%DM) |
↓ de novo synthesis by PA and MIX ↑ C16:0; ↑ cis-9 C16:1 by PA and MIX |
No effect | [329] |
|
1)Control 2)C16:0 (PA; 2%DM) 3) Ca salt of C16:0 (CaPA; 2%DM) |
↓ de novo synthesis by PA and CaPA | No effect | [330] |
|
1) Enriched C16:0 (P; 20 g/kg DM) 2)C16 + C18 (PS; 13 and 7 g/kg DM) 3)C16 + C18 (SP; 7 and 13 g/kg DM) 4) Enriched C18:0 (S; 20 g/kg DM) |
↑ UFA by S ↑ de novo FA by S |
No effect | [331] |
↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease.