Table 2.
Description and outcomes of pregnancies fathered by male kidney transplant patients
| Covariate | All pregnancies n = 404 |
First pregnancy n = 245 |
Second pregnancy n = 115 |
Third pregnancy n = 35 |
Fourth pregnancy n = 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), years | 41 (36–48) | 41 (36–48) | 42 (37–48) | 43 (37.5–49) | 48 (44–52) |
| Age at conception, median (IQR), years | 34 (30–37) | 33 (21–36) | 35 (31–39) | 37 (34–40) | 41 (40–44) |
| Year of first transplantation, median (IQR) | 2006 (1999–2010) | 2006 (1999–2010) | 2006 (1996–2008) | 2005 (1994–2007) | 1994 (1986–2002) |
| Transplant to conception time in years, median (IQR) | 5 (2–8) | 4 (1.5–7) | 7 (4–10) | 8 (6–11) | 16 (13–19) |
| Immunosuppressive co-medication at the time of conceptiona | |||||
| Corticosteroids | 298 (74%, [69–78]) | 176 (72%, [66–77]) | 84 (73%, [64–81]) | 29 (83%, [66–93]) | 9 (100%, [66–100]) |
| Azathioprine | 59 (15%, [11–18]) | 44 (18%, [13–23]) | 13 (11%, [6–19]) | 1 (3%, [0.7–15]) | 1 (11%, [0.3–50]) |
| MMF/MPA | 313 (77%, [73–81]) | 190 (78%, [72–83]) | 92 (80%, [72–87]) | 26 (74%, [57–88]) | 5 (56%, [21–86]) |
| Tacrolimus | 255 (63%, [58–68]) | 156 (64%, [57–70]) | 70 (61%, [51–70]) | 22 (63%, [45–79]) | 7 (78%, [40–97]) |
| Cyclosporine | 152 (38%, [33–43]) | 94 (38%, [32–45]) | 43 (37%, [29–47]) | 13 (37%, [21–55]) | 2 (22%, [3–60]) |
| Everolimus | 5 (1%, [0.5–3]) | 3 (1%, [0.3–4]) | 2 (2%, [0.2–6]) | 0 (0%, [0–10]) | 0 (0%, [0–33]) |
| Sirolimus | 7 (2%, [1–4]) | 5 (2%, [0.7–5]) | 2 (2%, [0.2–6]) | 0 (0%, [0–10]) | 0 (0%, [0–33]) |
| Belatacept | 6 (1%, [0.5–3]) | 4 (2%, [0.4–4]) | 1 (1%, [0.1–5]) | 1 (3%, [0.7–15]) | 0 (0%, [0–33]) |
| Otherb | 40 (10%, [7–13]) | 18 (7%, [4–11]) | 16 (14%, [8–22]) | 5 (14%, [5–30]) | 1 (11%, [0.3–50]) |
| Rejection episode before or during pregnancy | 80 (20%, [16–24]) | 40 (16%, [12–22]) | 29 (25%, [18–34]) | 8 (23%, [10–40]) | 3 (33%, [7–70]) |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||||
| Live births, including 6 twin pregnancies | 349 (86%, [83–90]) | 222 (91%, [86–94]) | 94 (82%, [73–88]) | 26 (74%, [57–88]) | 7 (78%, [40–97]) |
| Twin pregnancy | 7 (2%, [0.5–3]) | 5 (2%, [0.7–5]) | 1 (1%, [0.1–5])c | 1 (3%, [0.7–15]) | 0 (0%, [0–33]) |
| Spontaneous abortion | 37 (9%, [7–12]) | 18 (7%, [4–11]) | 14 (12%, [7–20]) | 4 (11%, [3–27]) | 1 (11%, [0.3–50]) |
| Therapeutic abortion | 12 (3%, [2–5]) | 6 (2%, [0.9–5]) | 2 (2%, [0.2–6]) | 3 (9%, [2–23]) | 1 (11%, [0.3–50]) |
| Still births | 2 (0.5%, [0.1–1]) | 0 (0%, [0–0.1]) | 0 (0%, [0–3]) | 2 (6%, [1–19]) | 0 (0%, [0–33]) |
| Ongoing pregnancy | 10 (2%, [1–5]) | 4 (2%, [0.4–4]) | 5 (4%, [1–10]) | 1 (3%, [0.7–15]) | 0 (0%, [0–33]) |
| Live births, including twin pregnancies | 349 | 222 | 94 | 26 | 7 |
| Gestational age in weeks, median (IQR) | 41 (39–41) | 41 (38–41) | 41 (39–41) | 41 (39–41) | 41 (39–41) |
| Pre-term delivery (< 37 weeks) | 30 (9%, [6–12]) | 23 (10%, [7–15]) | 5 (5%, [2–12]) | 2 (8%, [1–25]) | 0 (0%, [0–41]) |
| Birthweight (Kg), median (IQR) | 3.4 (3–3.7) | 3.3 (3–3.7) | 3.4 (3–3.8) | 3.5 (3–3.6) | 3.5 (3.2–3.8) |
| Low birthweight (< 2.5 Kg) | 20 (6%, [4–9]) | 16 (7%, [4–11]) | 3 (3%, [1–9]) | 1 (4%, [0.1–20]) | 0 (0%, [0–41]) |
| Sex (male) | 193 (55%, [50–61]) | 127 (57%, [50–64]) | 47 (50%, [40–60]) | 16 (62%, [41–80]) | 3 (43%, [10–82]) |
| Intellectual disability | 3 (1%, [0.2–3]) | 3 (1%, [0.3–4]) | 0 (0%, [0–4]) | 0 (%, [0–13]) | 0 (0%, [0–41]) |
| Congenital malformation | 13 (4%, [2–6]) | 10 (5%, [2–8]) | 3 (3%, [1–9]) | 0 (%, [0–13]) | 0 (0%, [0–41]) |
Values are presented as numbers and percentages [95% CI] unless otherwise specified
IQR interquartile range, MMF/MPA mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid, Kg Kilograms
a Immunosuppressive agents of the father at the time of conception, more than one co-medication possible
b Other: Immunosuppression including one of the following treatment before or at the time of conception: Cyclophosphamide, Intravenous immunoglobulin, Plasma exchange, Rituximab
c The twin pregnancy was still ongoing at the time of the study