Fig. 2.

Identification of ancient tropical animals (gaurs and rhinoceroses) in the margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. (A) Phylogeny of ancient and modern gaur mitogenomes. (B) Bayesian skyline plot showing the gaur and gayal effective population size trends. The y axis indicates the effective number of females, as inferred from our mitogenome dataset considering a generation time of 6 y. (C) An ML time scale of gaur and gayal mitogenomes. (D) The ML tree confirmed the phylogenetic affinities of present-day gaurs and ancient SNSZ gaurs using 8,961,232 autosomal sites. (E) Phylogeny of the rhinoceros estimated from partial mitochondrial genome sequences, showing strong support for the grouping of ancient SNSZ rhinoceroses with Sumatran rhinoceros.