Fig. 1.

Understanding the control of social dominance by ARs in A. burtoni. (A) Nondominant and (B) dominant male A. burtoni differ in terms of a variety of traits that reflect their social status. (C) We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to generate A. burtoni that possess frameshift ARα or ARβ alleles. (D–G) Experimental strategy for testing the functions of ARα and ARβ in the control of social dominance. Predicted Cas9 cleavage sites are located to the left of letters highlighted in gray. Bolded three-letter sequences indicate a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence. +, wild type, d, deletion. (N_#) indicates the number of bases not shown in actual gene sequence for clarity.