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. 2019 Jul 26;272(6):961–972. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003506

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Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

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Effect of perioperative music on intraoperative sedative medication requirement. Forest plot presenting the effect of perioperative music on intraoperative propofol (above) and midazolam (below) medication requirement. CI indicates confidence interval; Mean, mean milligrams of propofol or midazolam; N, total number of patients in study; N_C, number of patients in the control group; N_M, number of patients in the music group; OAA/S, observer assessment of alertness/sedation scale; PACU, post-anesthesia care unit; PCS, patient-controlled sedation; SD, standard deviation in milligrams of propofol or midazolam; SMD, standardized mean difference.