TABLE 4.
Distribution of Demographic, Behavioral, and Health Status Factors by Nugent’s BV Status at Baseline and Follow-Up Visits, and Results of Time-Adjusted Univariate Generalized Estimating Equation Analysis
| Baseline | 1 mo | 6 mo | 12 mo | Time-Adjusted Univariate Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study Visit | No BV (n = 59), n (%) | BV (n = 47), n (%) | No BV (n = 38), n (%) | BV (n = 39), n (%) | No BV(n = 30), n (%) | BV (n = 42), n (%) | No BV (n = 30), n (%) | BV (n = 36), n (%) | |
| Community state type | |||||||||
| IV-A | 5 (9) | 8 (17) | 4 (11) | 4 (10) | 3 (10) | 12 (29) | 3 (10) | 7 (19) | 1.90 (1.07–3.35)* |
| IV-B | 54 (91) | 39 (83) | 34 (89) | 35 (90) | 27 (90) | 30 (71) | 27 (90) | 29 (81) | Reference |
| Demographic and behavioral factors | |||||||||
| Women | |||||||||
| Age, mean (IQR; fixed), y | 22 (20–25) | 22 (20–25) | 21 (20–27) | 23 (21–26) | 21 (20–23) | 24 (21–26) | 23.5 (21–28) | 22.5 (21–26) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) |
| Educational attainment (fixed) | |||||||||
| Primary or less | 27 (46) | 25 (53) | 17 (45) | 23 (59) | 19 (63) | 24 (57) | 15 (50) | 17 (47) | Reference |
| Some secondary, secondary | 25 (42) | 17 (36) | 14 (37) | 13 (33) | 8 (27) | 13 (31) | 9 (30) | 14 (39) | 0.94 (0.53–1.67) |
| Postsecondary | 7 (12) | 5 (11) | 7 (18) | 3 (8) | 3 (10) | 5 (12) | 6 (20) | 5 (14) | 0.65 (0.30–1.40) |
| ≥2 sex partners past 6 mo | 1 (1.8) | 2 (4.4) | 1 (3.1) | 2 (5.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (3.7) | 2 (5.7) | 1.86 (0.46–7.49) |
| Days since last sexual intercourse | |||||||||
| 1–2 | 24 (41) | 24 (51) | 16 (42) | 17 (44) | 12 (40) | 10 (24) | 12 (40) | 9 (25) | Reference |
| 3–6 | 18 (31) | 15 (32) | 6 (16) | 9 (23) | 10 (33) | 14 (33) | 5 (17) | 7 (19) | 1.15 (0.70–1.90) |
| ≥7 | 17 (29) | 8 (17) | 16 (42) | 13 (33) | 8 (27) | 18 (43) | 13 (43) | 20 (56) | 1.12 (0.66–1.90) |
| How soon clean vagina after sex (<1 vs. ≥1 h) | 35 (59) | 34 (72) | 23 (68) | 24 (67) | 21 (70) | 28 (67) | 23 (77) | 28 (78) | 0.85 (0.51–1.42) |
| Men | |||||||||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 26 (24–30) | 27 (23–30) | 27 (24–31) | 27 (23–31) | 26 (24–30) | 27 (24–32) | 27 (25–30) | 27 (24–32) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) |
| Educational attainment (fixed) | |||||||||
| Primary or less | 24 (41) | 19 (40) | 17 (45) | 15 (38) | 13 (43) | 20 (48) | 12 (40) | 12 (33) | Reference |
| Some secondary, secondary | 24 (41) | 23 (49) | 16 (42) | 19 (49) | 11 (37) | 17 (40) | 12 (40) | 18 (50) | 1.19 (0.68–2.09) |
| Postsecondary | 11 (19) | 5 (11) | 5 (13) | 5 (13) | 6 (20) | 5 (12) | 6 (20) | 6 (17) | 0.70 (0.32–1.52) |
| ≥2 sex partners past 6 mo | 18 (31) | 15 (33) | 13 (34) | 13 (34) | 4 (13) | 6 (16) | 5 (19) | 9 (32) | 1.13 (0.65–1.96) |
| Condom used at last sexual intercourse | 5 (8.5) | 9 (19) | 5 (13.5) | 7 (18) | 3 (10) | 8 (21) | 4 (14) | 6 (21) | 1.85 (0.98–3.49)† |
| Clinical factors | |||||||||
| Women | |||||||||
| HSV-2 seropositive | 35 (59) | 35 (74) | 20 (53) | 31 (79) | 19 (63) | 28 (67) | 23 (77) | 24 (67) | 1.63 (0.94–2.83)† |
| HIV positive | 6 (10) | 11 (23) | 3 (8.1) | 7 (18) | 1 (3.3) | 11 (27) | 5 (17) | 7 (20) | 2.47 (1.21–5.03)* |
| Trichomonas vaginalis detected on wet mount | 4 (6.8) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 6 (14) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (5.6) | 2.41 (0.92–6.32)† |
| Previous pregnancy (fixed) | 50 (85) | 40 (85) | 32 (84) | 33 (85) | 25 (83) | 39 (93) | 28 (93) | 31 (86) | 1.02 (0.53–1.95) |
| Contraception and pregnancy | |||||||||
| Oral contraceptive use | 0 (0) | 3 (6.4) | 2 (5.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.7) | 1 (2.8) | Reference |
| Injection contraceptive use | 12 (20) | 2 (4.3) | 3 (8.8) | 4 (11) | 6 (21) | 7 (17) | 5 (17) | 7 (19) | 0.67 (0.17–2.67) |
| Implant contraceptive use | 14 (24) | 12 (26) | 9 (27) | 8 (22) | 11 (38) | 15 (37) | 11 (37) | 9 (25) | 0.83 (0.21–3.22) |
| None, condoms, IUD, other‡ | 28 (47) | 27 (57) | 17 (50) | 23 (64) | 8 (28) | 18 (44) | 12 (40) | 5 (42) | 1.23 (0.34–4.47) |
| Pregnant (urine HCG positive) | 5 (8.5) | 3 (6.4) | 3 (8.8) | 1 (2.8) | 4 (14) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 4 (11) | 0.70 (0.15–3.38) |
| Men | |||||||||
| HSV-2 seropositive | 28 (48) | 22 (47) | 17 (46) | 19 (49) | 18 (60) | 21 (54) | 18 (62) | 18 (62) | 0.94 (0.57–1.55) |
| HIV positive | 5 (8.8) | 7 (15) | 3 (8.3) | 8 (21) | 2 (6.7) | 7 (18) | 3 (10) | 6 (21) | 2.18 (0.99–4.80)† |
| Circumcised | 34 (58) | 24 (51) | 25 (68) | 19 (49) | 18 (60) | 15 (41) | 15 (52) | 15 (52) | 0.66 (0.39–1.10) |
“Fixed” refers to variables that do not change after baseline.
*P < 0.05.
†0.05 < P < 0.10.
‡This category of contraception includes 39 observations with no contraception, 2 observations with IUD, 11 observations with condoms as main method of contraception, 1 observation of lactation amenorrhea, 1 observation of tubal ligation, and 1 observation emergency pills.