Table 1. Assays used to evaluate Vi-specific humoral responses.

Assay	Measured Vi-specific humoral response	Vi-PS antigen (native or biotinylated)
Antibody quantification
ELISA	IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgA, IgM	Native
BAMA	IgG1, IgG2, IgA, IgA1, IgA2	Native
	IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgA	Biotinylated
Antibody avidity
BAMA-AI	IgG1 AI, IgA, AI IgA1 AI, IgA2 AI	Native
	IgG1 AI, IgG2 AI, IgG3 AI, IgA AI	Biotinylated
Functional properties
ADCD	Complement deposition	Biotinylated
ADCP	Cellular phagocytosis (monocyte)	Biotinylated
ADNP	Neutrophil phagocytosis	Biotinylated
ADNKDA	NK cell MIP-1β release, IFNγ release, CD107a expression	Biotinylated
ADNOB	Neutrophil oxidative burst	Biotinylated
FcR binding
Luminex	FcαR binding, FcγR2A binding, FcγR2B binding, FcγR3A binding, FcγR3B binding	Biotinylated

35 Vi-specific humoral responses were evaluated using different assay techniques on day 0 (before vaccination) and days 28, 118, and 208. Univariate analyses (comparing responses between time points within vaccine groups, across vaccine groups, and between diagnosed and protected participants) were performed for each individual antibody feature listed. Multivariate analyses included 34 of 35 of the antibody features listed; Vi IgG3 AI was not included in the multivariate analyses, as ≥25% of values were missing. Assays were performed using native Vi-PS or biotinylated Vi-PS.