Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of patients with and without COVID-19 in 2020. (n = 106)
| Characteristic | COVID-19 + (n = 7) |
COVID-19− (n = 99) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69 ± 18 | 66 ± 13 | 0.60 |
| Male sex | 5 (71) | 65 (66) | 1.00 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 9.8 | 28.0 ± 5.6 | 0.81 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||
| Hypertension | 3 (43) | 62 (62) | 0.43 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3 (43) | 37 (37) | 1.00 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1 (14) | 52 (53) | 0.11 |
| Current smoker | 2 (29) | 22 (22) | 0.66 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 (0) | 10 (18) | 0.60 |
| Hemodialysis | (0) | 6 (6) | 1.00 |
| Coexisting disorder | |||
| Previous MI | 0 (0) | 23 (23) | 0.34 |
| Previous PCI | 2 (29) | 34 (34) | 1.00 |
| Heart failure | 1 (14) | 7 (7) | 0.43 |
| AF | 1 (14) | 15 (15) | 1.00 |
| Stroke | 1 (14) | 7 (7) | 0.43 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 1 (14) | 19 (19) | 1.00 |
| COPD | 1 (14) | 11 (11) | 0.58 |
| History of cancer | 2 (29) | 3 (3) | 0.03 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Chest pain | 4 (57) | 84 (86) | 0.08 |
| Dyspnea | 4 (57) | 23 (23) | 0.07 |
| Fever | 1 (14) | 1 (1) | 0.13 |
| Cough | 2 (29) | 5 (5) | 0.07 |
| Vital signs | |||
| Body temperature (℃) | 36.9 ± 1.24 | 36.7 ± 0.6 | 0.41 |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 121 ± 26 | 139 ± 30 | 0.19 |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 64 ± 13 | 76 ± 17 | 0.12 |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 82 ± 24 | 80 ± 19 | 0.86 |
| SpO2 (%) | 96 ± 1 | 96 ± 3 | 0.90 |
| Oxygen therapy | 5/7 (71) | 29/97 (30) | 0.04 |
| Diagnosis | |||
| STEMI | 2 (29) | 37 (37) | 0.71 |
| NSTEMI | 3 (43) | 50 (51) | 1.00 |
| Type-1 MI | 3 (43) | 79 (80) | 0.04 |
| Type-2 MI | 2 (29) | 4 (4) | 0.0497 |
| Takotsubo cardiomyopathy | 0 (0) | 4 (4) | 1.00 |
| Myocarditis | 1 (14) | 0 (0) | 0.07 |
| Echocardiography on admission | |||
| LVEF (%) | 48 ± 10 | 49 ± 14 | 0.77 |
| Blood examination on admission | |||
| WBC (109/l) | 8.6 ± 3.1 | 10.3 ± 4.0 | 0.30 |
| Hb (g/dl) | 12.6 ± 1.4 | 13.3 ± 2.3 | 0.44 |
| Platelets 109/l) | 177 ± 119 | 246 ± 79 | 0.047 |
| Troponin I (μg/l) | 0.62 (0.01–1.52) | 0.38 (0.08–3.15) | 0.32 |
| Cr (µmol/l) | 82 (62–99) | 79 (62–95) | 0.97 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 81 ± 23 | 76 ± 28 | 0.71 |
| LDL-C (g/l) | 0.93 ± 0.47 | 1.04 ± 0.46 | 0.68 |
| HDL-C (g/l) | 0.54 ± 0.27 | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 0.31 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 6.5 ± 1.5 | 0.41 |
| BNP (ng/l) | 324 (138–1068) | 197 (45–480) | 0.33 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 70 (19–267) | 4 (4–18) | 0.006 |
| d-dimer (µg/l) | 5650 (1905–13,625) | 400 (270–1050) | 0.02 |
| COVID-19 diagnostic testing performed | 7 (100) | 27 (27) | < 0.001 |
| Lesion characteristics | |||
| Single-vessel disease | 4 (57) | 41 (41) | 0.45 |
| Multi-vessel disease | 1 (14) | 46 (46) | 0.13 |
| Types of intervention | |||
| PCI | 3 (43) | 76 (77) | 0.07 |
| POBA | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 1.00 |
| Thrombolysis | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| CABG | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| In-hospital events | |||
| Hospital length of stay, days | 16 (3–18) | 4 (2–6) | 0.03 |
| ICU stay (days) | 9 (0–11) | 2 (0–3) | 0.24 |
| In-hospital death | 1/6 (17) | 6/97 (6) | 0.35 |
| New-onset AF | 0/6 (0) | 8/97 (8) | 1.00 |
| Stroke | 1/6 (17) | 2/97 (2) | 0.17 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 2/6 (33) | 0/97 (0) | 0.003 |
| VT/VF | 0/6 (0) | 2/97 (2) | 1.00 |
| ARDS | 2/6 (33) | 0/97 (0) | 0.003 |
| Acute kidney injury | 2/6 (29) | 13/97 (13) | 0.27 |
| Multiple organ failure | 0/6 (0) | 0/97 (0) | – |
Values are n (%), n/N (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range)
AF atrial fibrillation, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, BMI body mass index, BNP brain natriuretic peptide, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, Cr creatinine, CRP C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, Hb hemoglobin, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ICU intensive care unit, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, MI myocardial infarction, NSTEMI non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, POBA, plain old balloon angioplasty, STEMI ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, VF ventricular fibrillation, VT ventricular tachycardia, WBC white blood cell