Table 4.
Summary of the case reports/case series findings.
| Overall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Types of study | Number of studies | Total patients with COVID-19 | Total COVID-19 patients with skin manifestations | n/N* (%) |
| Case report | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25/25 (100.0) |
| Case series | 10 | 29 | 23 | 23/29 (79.3) |
| Variables | Number of studies | Number of patients with skin manifestations | n/N* (%) | |
| Types of skin manifestations | Eruption | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) |
| Pustule | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Scales | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Erythematous | 19 | 19 | 19/54 (35.1) | |
| Papule | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Plaques | 7 | 7 | 7/54 (12.9) | |
| Pruritic | 6 | 6 | 6/54 (11.1) | |
| Rash | 13 | 13 | 13/47 (24.0) | |
| Petechia | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| Maculopapula | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Macule | 7 | 7 | 7/54 (12.9) | |
| Patches | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Urticaria | 8 | 9 | 9/54 (16.6) | |
| Edematous | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| Itchy | 5 | 5 | 5/54 (9.2) | |
| Lesions | 5 | 8 | 8/54 (14.8) | |
| Squamous | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Psoriasis | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Papulovesicular | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| Erythematoedematous | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Purpura | 4 | 5 | 5/54 (9.2) | |
| Exanthema | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Livedo | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Cyanosis | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Hemorrhage | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Pain | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| Ulcer | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Papilla | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Vasculitis | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Gangrene | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Clinical manifestation | Cough | 16 | 19 | 19/54 (35.1) |
| Diarrhea | 6 | 6 | 6/54 (11.1) | |
| Nasal congestion | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Fatigue | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Myalgia | 5 | 5 | 5/54 (9.2) | |
| Arthralgia | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Fever | 21 | 27 | 27/54 (50.0) | |
| Asthenia | 3 | 3 | 3/54 (5.5) | |
| Anorexia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Pain | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Headache | 6 | 6 | 6/54 (11.1) | |
| Malaise | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Sore throat | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| Dyspnea | 2 | 7 | 7/54 (12.9) | |
| Respiratory problems | 5 | 7 | 7/54 (12.9) | |
| Rhinorrhea | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| Gastrointestinal complaints | 5 | 5 | 5/54 (9.2) | |
| Dysgeusia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Abdominal discomfort | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Weakness | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| Pyrexia | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| Hypoxemia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Constipation | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Chest pain | 3 | 3 | 3/54 (5.5) | |
| Tachycardia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Chills | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Anosmia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Ageusia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Insomnia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Transient blurred vision | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Confused | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Coryza | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Lymphonodal enlargement | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Pharyngodynia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Pharyngitis | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Comorbidities | Atopic dermatitis | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) |
| Chronic urticaria | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Diabetes | 3 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Hypertension disease | 3 | 3 | 3/54 (5.5) | |
| Chronic renal failure | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| Peripheral artery | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Severe psoriasis | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Arthritis | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Varicella infection | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Hyperuricemia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Obesity | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| High blood pressure | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| nr | 26 | 34 | 34/54 (62.9) | |
| CT | Ground-glass opacification | 7 | 7 | 7/54 (12.9) |
| bilateral abnormalities | 10 | 12 | 12/54 (22.2) | |
| atypical bilateral pneumonia | 5 | 6 | 6/54 (11.1) | |
| Normal | 3 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| nr | 15 | 24 | 23/54 (44.4) | |
| Laboratory finding | Lymphocytopenia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) |
| Leukopenia | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Thrombocytopenia | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Elevated CRP | 6 | 7 | 7/54 (12.9) | |
| Low hemoglobin | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Low RBC | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Low HCO3 | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Low total CO2 | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| High ESR | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| High WBC | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| High LDH | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Lymphopenia | 2 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
| Increased liver enzymes (GOT, GPT, LDH, GGT doubled) | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| D dimer elevated | 3 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Rising serum creatinines | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| Elevated INR | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| nr | 20 | 24 | 24/54 (54.4) | |
| Isolation source | Nasopharyngeal swab | 18 | 21 | 21/54 (38.8) |
| Nasal swab | 1 | 1 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Oropharyngeal swabs | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Pharyngeal swab | 4 | 4 | 4/54 (7.4) | |
| Sputum | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| nr | 14 | 20 | 20/54 (37.0) | |
| Outcome | Live | 33 | 44 | 44/54 (81.4) |
| Death | 1 | 1 | 1/54 (1.8) | |
| nr | 1 | 2 | 2/54 (3.7) | |
*
n, number of patients with any variables; N, the total number of patients with COVID-19; nr, not report.