Figure 3. Genetic and environmental associations between verbal fluency and episodic memory.

Full correlational models of the genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and nonshared environmental (E) influences on the general fluency, semantic-specific, and episodic memory latent variables at wave 1 (mean age 56; top) and wave 2 (mean age 62; bottom). Ellipses indicate latent variables and rectangles indicate measured variables. Significant factor loadings are displayed with black text and lines (p < 0.05). Variation explained by latent factors can be computed by squaring the factor loadings. CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test; LM = logical memory; VR = visual reproduction.