Table 2. Results of the univariate and multivariate analyses for the risk factors associated with renal outcomes (i.e., a ≥ 30% estimated glomerular filtration rate decline or end-stage renal disease) among the entire study population (n = 200).
| Variables | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis with VFA interaction terms | Multivariate Analysis with sex interaction terms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | P-INT with VFA ≥100 cm2 | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | P-INT with sex | |
| Age (1-year increase) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.0440 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.1268 | 0.2546 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.1708 | 0.9724 |
| Men (vs. women) | 1.45 (0.95–2.25) | 0.0881 | 0.79 (0.43–1.46) | 0.4597 | 0.4288 | 0.63 (0.34–1.18) | 0.1493 | - |
| eGFR (10-mL/min/1.73 m2 increase) | 0.63 (0.55–0.71) | <0.0001 | 0.64 (0.55–0.75) | <0.0001 | 0.0317 | 0.67 (0.58–0.77) | <0.0001 | 0.9868 |
| PP (10-mmHg increase) | 3.05 (1.90–4.70) | <0.0001 | 2.90 (1.62–5.18) | 0.0003 | - | 2.80 (1.56–4.89) | 0.0004 | - |
| UACR (10-mg/g Cre increase) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.0190 | - | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.0306 | - |
| VFA (10-cm2 increase) | 1.07 (1.03–1.10) | 0.0004 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| SFA (10-cm2 increase) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.2773 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| V/S ratio | 1.58 (1.08–2.23) | 0.0209 | 1.78 (1.05–3.01) | 0.0317 | 0.0032 | 1.76 (1.01–2.86) | 0.0292 | 0.1245 |
| Hypertension (vs. no) | 2.16 (1.30–3.79) | 0.0024 | 0.95 (0.39–2.29) | 0.9026 | - | 1.00 (0.40–2.33) | 0.9953 | - |
| Hyperuricemia (vs. no) | 3.28 (2.09–5.27) | <0.0001 | 1.53 (0.84–2.79) | 0.1660 | - | 1.54 (0.86–2.84) | 0.1566 | - |
| Low HDL-C (vs. no) | 1.76 (1.15–2.74) | 0.0097 | 1.30 (0.78–2.16) | 0.3193 | - | 1.16 (0.71–1.90) | 0.5613 | - |
| Hyperglycemia (vs. no) | 1.95 (1.25–3.01) | 0.0035 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Diabetes mellitus (vs. no) | 2.62 (1.62–4.12) | <0.0001 | 1.49 (0.85–2.61) | 0.1657 | - | 1.71 (0.96–2.97) | 0.0615 | - |
| ARB and or ACEI use (vs. no) | 2.13 (1.36–3.44) | 0.0013 | 1.22 (0.54–2.75) | 0.6235 | - | 1.16 (0.55–2.74) | 0.7082 | - |
The V/S ratio, as well as age, sex, eGFR, and interaction terms (age, sex, eGFR, and V/S ratio * sex/ VFA ≥100 cm2), were included in the multivariate model. The P-value for the interaction corresponds to the interaction between sex or VFA category and each variable of interest, in terms of the renal outcomes, in the multivariate analysis. Abbreviations: n, number; CI, confidence interval; P, calculated probability; P-INT, P-value for interaction; VFA, visceral fat area; vs, versus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PP, pulse pressure; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; V/S ratio, visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio; SFA, subcutaneous fat area; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ARB, angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blocker; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.