Table 8. Initial Biomarker Levels and Changes in Swallowing Solids From Baseline at 6 and 12 Months.

	6-month change		12-month change
Biomarker	Β	p value	Β	p value
IL-β1	0.26	0.057	0.25	0.060
IL-6	0.34	0.009	0.36	0.006a
IL-8	0.22	0.107	0.21	0.116
IL-10	0.31	0.023	0.39	0.003a
IL-12p70	–0.04	0.770	–0.11	0.394
MMP2A	0.03	0.828	0.16	0.233
MMP9A	0.16	0.262	0.11	0.416
TGF-β1	–0.17	0.223	–0.11	0.445
TGF-β2	–0.12	0.399	–0.14	0.303
TGF-β3b	–0.17	0.448	–0.10	0.628
TNFα	0.31	0.019a	0.23	0.091
IFNγ	–0.07	0.625	–0.05	0.711
CRP	–0.09	0.509	–0.15	0.253
RBC	0.18	0.198	0.24	0.085
Albumin	–0.15	0.292	–0.27	0.048a

Note. IL = interleukin; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; TGF = transforming growth factor; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; IFN = interferon; CRP = C-reactive protein; RBC = red blood cell.

^aStatistically significant.

^bN = ∼25 with data for TGF-β3 pretreatment, 6 and 12 months posttreatment.