TABLE 2.

Student scores on the LCAS collaboration, iteration, and discovery/relevance subscales and student perceptions that they conducted real research^a.

Outcome	Response (mean ± SD) among students who:		t	p	Cohen’s d	Possible range of scores
	Analyzed scientists’ data	Analyzed their own data
Collaboration subscale	18.5 ± 2.2	19.2 ± 1.8	−1.5	0.14	−0.4	5–20
Iteration subscale	31.5 ± 4.0	32.0 ± 3.3	−0.5	0.61	−0.1	6–36
Discovery/relevance subscale	26.3 ± 3.8	26.9 ± 3.0	−0.8	0.46	−0.2	5–30
Conducting real research	8.4 ± 1.9	8.8 ± 1.7	−0.9	0.40	−0.2	1–10

^aThe five-item collaboration scale measures how often students engage in collaborative activities in lab using four response options ranging from never (1) to weekly (4). The six-item iteration scale and five-item discovery/relevance scale measure the extent to which students agree that they experience these elements, with six response options ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (6). The extent to which students perceived they conducted real research was measured using one item, with responses ranging from (1) strongly disagree to (10) strongly agree.