TABLE 3.

All students’ scientific self-efficacy, identity, and community values scores, measured at the beginning and end of the CURE^a.

Outcome	Pre-CURE score (mean ± SD)	Post-CURE score (mean ± SD)	t	p	Cohen’s d	Possible range of scores
Scientific self-efficacy	21.1 ± 3.7	24.5 ± 4.1	−8.1	<0.0001	−0.9	6–30
Scientific identity	18.2 ± 3.9	20.1 ± 3.8	−4.8	<0.0001	−0.5	5–25
Scientific community values	20.6 ± 3.0	21.0 ± 3.2	−1.3	0.20	−0.1	4–24

^aStudents’ scientific self-efficacy and identity significantly increased over the course of the CURE. However, students’ scientific community values did not significantly change. The six-item scientific self-efficacy scale measures students’ confidence in their ability to perform scientific tasks from (1) not confident at all to (5) absolutely confident. The five-item scientific identity scale measures students’ agreement with statements about science identity using a scale ranging from (1) strongly disagree to (5) strongly agree. The four-item scientific community values scale measures whether students perceive themselves to be like people who value objectives of the scientific community, using a scale ranging from (1) not like me at all to (6) very much like me.