Table 8.
The COVID-19 infection rates (%) and potential pairwise risk compensating effect among the four nonpharmaceutical interventions with RR and P values from exact tests.
| Nonpharmaceutical interventions | Participants, n (%) | RRa (95% CI) | P value | |
| Handwashing (no) | 0.03 (0.003-0.26) | .002 | ||
|
|
Mask wearing (no) | 13 (23.1) |
|
|
|
|
Mask wearing (yes) | 147 (0.7) |
|
|
| Handwashing (yes) | 0.11 (0.04-0.29) | <.001 | ||
|
|
Mask wearing (no) | 95 (5.3) |
|
|
|
|
Mask wearing (yes) | 4865 (0.6) |
|
|
| Proper coughing (no) | 0.02(0.004-0.08) | <.001 | ||
|
|
Mask wearing (no) | 11 (36.4) |
|
|
|
|
Mask wearing (yes) | 318 (0.6) |
|
|
| Proper coughing (yes) | 0.18 (0.05-0.57) | .02 | ||
|
|
Mask wearing (no) | 76 (3.9) |
|
|
|
|
Mask wearing (yes) | 3749 (0.7) |
|
|
| Social distancing (no) | 0.17 (0.06-0.45) | .002 | ||
|
|
Mask wearing (no) | 96 (6.3) |
|
|
|
|
Mask wearing (yes) | 958 (1.0) |
|
|
| Social distancing (yes) | 0.03 (0.01-0.11) | .002 | ||
|
|
Mask wearing (no) | 12 (16.7) |
|
|
|
|
Mask wearing (yes) | 4054 (0.5) |
|
|
| Proper coughing (no) | 0.33 (0.08-1.35) | .13 | ||
|
|
Handwashing (no) | 74 (4.1) |
|
|
|
|
Handwashing (yes) | 373 (1.3) |
|
|
| Proper coughing (yes) | 0.42 (0.10-1.72) | .21 | ||
|
|
Handwashing (no) | 118 (1.7) |
|
|
|
|
Handwashing (yes) | 5879 (0.7) |
|
|
| Social distancing (no) | 0.25 (0.73-0.86) | .05 | ||
|
|
Handwashing (no) | 58 (5.2) |
|
|
|
|
Handwashing (yes) | 996 (1.3) |
|
|
| Social distancing (yes) | 0.38 (0.12-1.21) | .11 | ||
|
|
Handwashing (no) | 205 (1.5) |
|
|
|
|
Handwashing (yes) | 6899 (0.6) |
|
|
| Social distancing (no) | 0.29(0.09-0.91) | .048 | ||
|
|
Proper coughing (no) | 90 (4.4) |
|
|
|
|
Proper coughing (yes) | 776 (1.3) |
|
|
| Social distancing (yes) | 0.58 (0.21-1.63) | .30 | ||
|
|
Proper coughing (no) | 357 (1.1) |
|
|
|
|
Proper coughing (yes) | 5221 (0.7) |
|
|
aRR: risk ratio.