Table 1.

Grid information and wall treatments used in benchmark cases. Compared to the grids in Wang and Chen's article [33], the coarse grid in our simulations is finer than the finest grid in their study. The fine grid in our simulations has a grid resolution close to 0.01 m in the main flow domain.

Case	Grid level	Grid resolution (cells)	Max. y+	Wall treatment
Case 1	Coarse	128 × 150 × 128	1.50	Resolved
	Moderate	160 × 196 × 160	1.25	Resolved
	Fine	200 × 244 × 200	1.00	Resolved
Case 2	Fine	200 × 244 × 200	1.00	Resolved
Case 3	Fine	200 × 244 × 200	1.00	Resolved