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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Liver Int. 2020 Jul 7;40(10):2455–2468. doi: 10.1111/liv.14569

Figure 5. Senescent cholangiocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) induce cellular senescence of bystander cholangiocytes.

Figure 5.

A, Senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity (SA-β-gal) assay; bystander normal human cholangiocytes (NHCs) were incubated with normal and senescent (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-induced, and primary sclerosing cholangitis [PSC]-derived) cholangiocyte-derived EVs (1e8/ml) every other day for 10 days. SA-β-gal activity was assessed using β-galactosidase assay. Arrows indicate representative SA-β-gal positive NHCs. B, Quantification of the SA-β-gal assay; data presented as percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells per total cell count. The PSC patient-derived data represent the average of 3 replicates of 3–5 separate PSC patient samples. C, Induction of senescence was assessed by measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) expression (RT-qPCR) of various cellular senescence markers. Bars represent mean (±) standard error of the mean (SEM); n=3–5. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, #P=0.07.