Table 4.
Multivariable-Adjusted Linear Regression Analysis for the Association of Liver Fat with Markers of Subclinical Myocardial Dysfunction
| Outcome | Model 1: Base Model* | Model 2: Base + HF Risk Factors** | Model 3: Model 2 + BMI | Model 4: Model 2 + VAT | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (CI) | P value | β (CI) | P value | β (CI) | P value | β (CI) | P value | |
| Cardiac Structure | ||||||||
| LV wall mass | 4.17 (2.77,5.56) | <0.001 | 1.45 (0.01,2.88) | 0.048 | −1.19 (−2.57,0.19) | 0.09 | −1.36 (−2.82,0.11) | 0.07 |
| LV wall thickness | 0.03 (0.03,0.04) | <0.001 | 0.01 (0.00,0.02) | 0.003 | −0.00 (−0.01,0.01) | 0.89 | −0.00 (−0.01,0.01) | 0.67 |
| LV at end-diastole diameter | 0.00 (−0.01,0.02) | 0.86 | −0.00 (−0.02,0.01) | 0.58 | −0.02 (−0.04,0.01) | 0.003 | −0.02 (−0.04,0.01) | 0.005 |
| LV at end-systole diameter | 0.00 (−0.01,0.02) | 0.73 | −0.00 (−0.01,0.02) | 0.85 | −0.01 (−0.02,0.00) | 0.16 | −0.01 (−0.03,0.00) | 0.09 |
| LV end diastolic volume | 0.07 (−0.75,0.89) | 0.87 | −0.26 (−1.13,0.61) | 0.56 | −1.30 (−2.17,0.44) | 0.003 | −1.31 (−2.21,0.40) | 0.005 |
| LV end systolic volume | 0.05 (−0.36,0.47) | 0.80 | 0.02 (−0.41,0.46) | 0.92 | −0.33 (−0.77,0.12) | 0.15 | −0.39 (−0.85,0.06) | 0.09 |
| Regional wall thickness | 0.01 (0.01,0.02) | <0.001 | 0.00 (−0.00,0.01) | 0.06 | 0.00 (−0.00,0.01) | 0.40 | 0.00 (−0.00,0.01) | 0.32 |
| Mass volume ratio | 0.04 (0.03,0.05) | <0.001 | 0.02 (0.01,0.03) | 0.001 | 0.01 (−0.00,0.02) | 0.23 | 0.01 (−0.00,0.02) | 0.29 |
| LV Systolic Function | ||||||||
| Global systolic longitudinal strain | 0.39 (0.27,0.51) | <0.001 | 0.20 (0.07,0.33) | 0.002 | 0.13 (−0.00,0.26) | 0.05 | 0.09 (−0.04,0.23) | 0.17 |
| Ejection fraction | −0.03 (−0.20,0.14) | 0.75 | −0.09 (−0.27,0.10) | 0.36 | −0.10 (−0.28,0.09) | 0.30 | −0.05 (−0.24,0.14) | 0.62 |
| Fractional shortening | 0.03 (−0.20,0.14) | 0.75 | −0.09 (0.27,0.10) | 0.36 | −0.10 (−0.28,0.09) | 0.29 | −0.05 (−0.24,0.14) | 0.62 |
| LV Diastolic Function | ||||||||
| Mitral peak velocity (E) | 0.81 (0.32,1.31) | 0.001 | 0.83 (0.31, 1.36) | 0.002 | 0.60 (0.07,1.13) | 0.03 | 0.75 (0.20,1.30) | 0.008 |
| Diastolic annular velocity (e’) | −0.27 (−0.36,−0.18) | <0.001 | −0.12(−0.22,−0.03) | 0.009 | −0.07 (−0.16,0.03) | 0.17 | −0.00 (−0.10,0.09) | 0.93 |
| LV filling pressure (E/e’) | 0.26 (0.19,0.33) | <0.001 | 0.16 (0.09,0.23) | <0.001 | 0.11 (0.03,0.18) | 0.004 | 0.08 (0.01,0.16) | 0.03 |
| E/A ratio | −0.03 (−0.04,−0.02) | <0.001 | −0.01 (−0.02,−0.00) | 0.035 | −0.00 (−0.02,0.01) | 0.46 | 0.00 (−0.01,0.01) | 0.79 |
LV, left ventricular; HF, heart failure; BMI, body mass index
*
MV model adjusts for age, sex, cohort, smoking, alcohol use; β expressed per SD increase in liver fat
**
Heart failure (HF) risk factors: diabetes, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive med use, lipid lowering med use, total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, and fasting glucose