Table 3.

Characteristics of ExDS cases versus AgDS cases, results from analysis of pooled individual cases

	ExDS n = 120 (%)	AgDS n = 48 (%)	Odds Ratio§	P value‡
Outcome death	92 (76.7)	12 (25.0)	9.9	<0.0001
Age				0.32
Less than 30	56 (46.7)	28 (58.3)	1 (ref)
31–40	47 (39.2)	13 (27.1)	1.8
41+	17 (14.2)	7 (14.6)	1.2
Male	117 (97.5)	44 (91.7)	3.5	0.09
Race				0.32
White	32 (26.7)	8 (16.7)	1 (ref)
Black	17 (14.7)	6 (12.5)	0.7
Other	10 (8.1)	0 (0.0)	0.4
Unknown	61 (50.8)	34 (70.8)	>999.9
Type of authority				<0.0001
Police, law enforcement	95 (79.2)	16 (33.3)	1 (ref)
Paramedics	16 (13.3)	21 (43.8)	0.1
Other	9 (7.5)	11 (22.9)	0.1
Mental health diagnosis
None noted	94 (78.3)	32 (66.7)	1.8	0.11
Schizophrenia	10 (8.3)	2 (4.2)	2.1	0.51
Bipolar disorder	9 (7.5)	3 (6.3)	1.2	1
Other or Unspecified	9 (7.5)	13 (27.1)	0.2	0.0007
Drug intoxication
None noted	19 (15.8)	2 (4.2)	4.3	0.04
Unknown	2 (1.67)	0 (0.0)	n/a	0.37
Cocaine	60 (50.0)	14 (29.2)	2.4	0.01
Alcohol	20 (16.7)	2 (4.2)	4.6	0.03
Marijuana	14 (11.7)	12 (25.0)	0.4	0.03
Stimulants†	35 (29.2)	17 (35.4)	0.8	0.4
Other	17 (14.2)	25 (52.1)	0.2	<0.0001
Use of force
None	2 (1.7)	1 (2.1)	0.8	1
Unknown	16 (13.3)	12 (25.0)	0.5	0.07
Manhandle	70 (58.3)	11 (22.9)	4.7	<0.0001
Handcuff	80 (66.7)	6 (12.5)	14	<0.0001
Hog/Hobble-tie	46 (38.3)	1 (2.1)	29.2	<0.0001
Taser	16 (13.3)	2 (4.2)	3.5	0.08
Sedation	16 (13.3)	30 (62.5)	0.09	<0.0001
Other or Unspecified	39 (32.5)	27 (56.3)	0.4	0.004

† Stimulants includes amphetamines, PCP, bath salts, and ecstasy

§ Reference categories are indicated by (ref). n/a indicates a zero value and thus OR was incalculable

‡P-values in bold represent statistical significance at ≤0.05