Table 4.

Overview of studies included in this review that have linked antibiotic use with the development of coeliac disease

Study	Type of study	Subjects	Main findings
[157]	Case control from USA	332 cases, 241 controls	Early life exposure to antibiotics associated with coeliac disease (adjusted or 1.133, 95% CI 1.032–1.244; P = 0.007)
[155]	Register-based cohort study from Denmark and Norway	1.7 million	Exposure to systemic antibiotics in the first year of life was associated with coeliac disease (pooled OR 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.16–1.36)
[156]	Nationwide case–control study from Sweden	2933 cases, 14,571 controls	Antibiotic use was associated with coeliac disease (OR = 1.40; 95% CI [1.27–1.53),
[150]	Population-based birth cohort study from Italy	203,000 babies	Antibiotic use was significantly associated with coeliac disease onset (incidence rate ratio IRR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.07, 1.43)
[117]	Population-based incident case-referent study	(n = 97) treated with antibiotic during the first 6 months of life. (n = 134) untreated	No significantly increased risk for coeliac disease was seen regarding antibiotic treatment (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.87–1.6; P = 0.27)
[118]	Multinational prospective birth cohort	8495 children	Cumulative use of any antibiotic during the first 4 years of life was not associated with the appearance of any coeliac disease autoantibody (hazard ratio [HR], 0.98; 95% CI 0.95–1.01) or the transglutaminase autoantibody (HR, 1.00; 95% CI 0.98–1.02)