Table 5.
Overview of studies that have investigated diet-based Probiotic and or Prebiotic interventions in the treatment of coeliac disease in Humans
| Study | Type of study | Subjects | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| [199] | Prospective, double- blind, randomized placebo-controlled parallel group study from Italy | 109 coeliac disease adult patients with IBS-type symptoms on strict Gluten free diet. (n = 54) received the probiotic blend of five strains and (n = 55) in the placebo group | A 6-week probiotic treatment is effective inproved severity of IBS-type symptoms, in coeliac disease patients on strict GFD, also resulted in the modification of gut microbiota, specifically increase of Bifidobacteria |
| [200] | Cohort based study from Brazil | 14 coeliac patients and 17 healthy subjects with both groups on daily intake of 100gms of probiotic-containing yogurt for 30-day period | Probiotic yogurt intake lead to a significant increased the Bifidobacteria number in coeliac disease patients, but not in healthy participants |
| [201] | Cohort based study from Argentina |
41 adult participants (n = 24), coeliac disease active, no treatment; (n = 12), coeliac disease active with Bifidobacterium infantis Natren Life Start super strain (NLS-SS) for 6 weeks (n = 5), coeliac disease 1 year on GFD |
B. infantis treatment decreased the innate immune markers, macrophage counts, Paneth cell counts and α-defensin-5 in coeliac disease patients. However, GFD was more effective than B. infantis in decreasing the duodenal macrophage counts in coeliac disease patients |
| [184] | Placebo controlled, double blind study from Argentina | 22 adults with untreated coeliac disease; (n = 12) received the probiotic capsule Bifido bacterium natren life start (NLS), (n = 10) placebo for 3 weeks | B. infantis is safe to use and may alleviate some symptoms in untreated coeliac disease. Overall probiotic treatment resulted in some immunologic changes but did not modify abnormal intestinal permeability |
| [202] | Randomized control trail from Australia | 45 adult patients with coeliac disease, Participants took 5 g of VSL#™ probiotic formulation (n = 23) or 5 g placebo (n = 22) orally twice daily for 12 weeks | The probiotic formula when taken orally over the 12-week period did not significantly alter the microbiota measured in this population |
| [187] | Randomized trail from Italy | 13 patients with coeliac disease (n = 6) assigned to natural flour baked goods (NFBG),(n = 7) assigned to hydrolyzed flour baked goods with sourdough lactobacilli for 60 days | Hydrolyzed wheat flour, manufactured with sourdough lactobacilli and fungal proteases, was safe for consumption and was not toxic to patients with coeliac disease |
| [203] | A prospective cohort study with from USA, Finland, Germany and Sweden | 6520 genetically susceptible children with 1460 reporting the probiotic use in the first year of life | Overall exposure of probiotics during the first year of life was not associated with CDA or coeliac disease. However, intake of probiotics via dietary supplements was associated with increased risk of coeliac disease Autoimmunity (CDA) |
| [189] | Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial from Poland | 34 paediatric coeliac disease patients on GFD. (n = 18) receving prebiotic (Synergy 1) or placebo (maltodextrin) daily for 3 months | Bifidobacterium count increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the Synergy 1 group. Along with an increase in faecal acetate and butyrate levels was observed in the prebiotic group |
| [204] | A double-blind placebo-controlled study from Slovenia | 40 coeliac disease children and 16 healthy children. Group of 20 each coeliac disease children received probiotic formulation (a mixture of 2 strains, B. breve BR03 (DSM 16,604) and B. breve B632 (DSM 24,706) in ratio 1:1)and the other placebo for 3 months | Probiotic administration had a negative correlation between Verrucomicrobia, some unknown phyla of Bacteria, Synergistetes, Euryarchaeota and some SCFAs, identifying them as potential target in microbiome restoration process |
| [205] | Double-blinded, placebo-controlled study from Slovenia | 40 coeliac disease children on GFD before and after probiotic (Bifidbacterium breve strains B632 and BRO3) or placebo administration and 16 healthy children (Control group) for 3 months | Probiotic resulted in an increase of Actinobacteria along with the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Concluding that 3-month administration of B. breve strains helps in restoring the healthy percentage of major microbial components |
| [206] | Double blind placebo-controlled trial from Slovenia | 49 coeliac disease children on gluten-free diet (GFD) and 18 healthy control. (n = 24 children with coeliac disease) daily received B. breve BR03 and B632) and the second group (n = 25 children with coeliac disease) received placebo for 3 months | Probiotic intervention with B. breve strain resulted in a decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in children with coeliac disease on GFD |
| [185] | Double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial from Spain | 33 coeliac disease children on GFD received a capsule containing either B. longum CECT 7347 (109 colony-forming units) or placebo (excipients) daily for 3 months | Probiotic treatment showed greater height percentile, decreased peripheral CD3+ T lymphocytes, and slightly reduced TNF-α concentration. The number of Bacteroides fragilis and content of secretory IgA in the stool was also reduced by the probiotic treatment. The small sample size is a limitation of the study |