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. 2020 Nov 16;10:19918. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76940-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rate of learning during adaptation training. (a) Only the first and last 15 trials of adaptation training are shown. Grey dashed line at the 30° mark indicates the direction that the hand must deviate in order to fully and successfully counter for the perturbation. The grey dashed line at the 0° mark indicates reach directions similar to those in the baseline, aligned session (i.e., no compensation). The Instructed group shows an initial advantage in successfully countering for the perturbation as early as the first trial. There are no differences in reaches performed by participants from all groups for the last 15 trials. Solid lines are group means and shaded regions are corresponding 95% confidence intervals. (b–d) Individual participant data from each group are shown, separated in three blocks of trial sets during adaptation training. Orange dashed line indicates mean for the Control group. Solid dots and error bars correspond to the group mean and bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals.