TABLE 3.
Changes in trunk neuromuscular activation and postural control during balance standing task with trunk external load.
| Variables | Groups (n = 10) | Time of intervention |
Clinical difference | Groups p | Times p | Interaction p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial (1) | Immediate (2) | 15 days (3) | ||||||
| % MU-L5 | HVLA | 23.4 (14.7) | 25.3 (15.1) | 25.0 (16.1) | +1.6 | 0.136 | 0.888 | 0.998 |
| MET | 28.9 (11.6) | 31.0 (14.2) | 31.1 (15.9) | +2.2 | - | - | - | |
| % ILC-L3 | HVLA | 25.5 (15.1) | 27.0 (14.8) | 22.0 (11.9) | −3.5 | 0.329 | 0.407 | 0.961 |
| MET | 23.6 (9.8) | 23.0 (10.7) | 18.7 (7.6) | −4.9 | - | - | - | |
| % RABD | HVLA | 10.6 (7.7) | 11.4 (7.2) | 10.8 (5.9) | +0.2 | 0.219 | 0.875 | 0.973 |
| MET | 12.9 (3.6) | 13.5 (5.2) | 12.3 (5.8) | −0.6 | - | - | - | |
| % CO-ATIV | HVLA | 71.4 (58.7) | 68.7 (69.4) | 67.2 (47.8) | −4.2 | 0.116 | 0.999 | 0.952 |
| MET | 47.8 (26.1) | 50.2 (24.7) | 52.7 (26.5) | +4.9 | - | - | - | |
| A-COP (cm2) | HVLA | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.0 | 0.202 | 0.830 | 0.614 |
| MET | 1.1 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.4) | −0.2 | - | - | - | |
| VEL A/P (cm/s) | HVLA | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.0 | 0.655 | 0.694 | 0.499 |
| MET | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.07) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.0 | - | - | - | |
| VEL M/L (cm/s) | HVLA | 0.5 (0.07) | 0.5 (0.06) | 0.5 (0.07) | 0.0 | 0.546 | 0.789 | 0.951 |
| MET | 0.5 (0.07) | 0.5 (0.06) | 0.5 (0.06) | 0.0 | - | - | - | |
% MU-L5, percentage of activation of multifidus muscle at the L5; % ILC-L3, percentage of activation of ilicostalis at the L3; % RABD, percentage of activation of abdominal muscle; % CO-ATIV, percentage of activation from relationship between abdominal and multifidus muscles; A-COP, centre of pressure area sway; HVLA, high-velocity low-amplitude manipulation; MET, muscle energy technique; VEL A/P e M/L, velocity sway of COP in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions.
Note: Mean values and standard deviation are given in parenthesis. Clinical difference is detectable: positive values for increase in activation and negative values for decrease in activation and balance control.