TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of all participants.
| Domain | Healthy controls (HCs; n = 33) | Parkinson’s disease without freezing of gait (PD-nFOG; n = 28) | PD with FOG (PD-FOG; n = 22) | F/χ2/Z | p-Value |
| Age (years) | 63.06 ± 4.01 | 62.79 ± 6.22 | 61.32 ± 9.45 | 0.50 | 0.61 |
| Sex (male/female) | 13/20 | 16/12 | 13/9 | 2.77 | 0.25 |
| Education (years) | 12 (9, 16) | 9 (3, 16) | 9(6, 15) | 2.14 | 0.34 |
| Disease duration (years) | NA | 5.04 ± 3.97 | 4.33 ± 3.20 | 0.46 | 0.50 |
| LEED (mg/day) | NA | 430.96 ± 88.23 | 479.45 ± 114.21 | 2.87 | 0.09 |
| Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III) | NA | 28.14 ± 17.57 | 28 ± 12.46 | 0.00 | 0.97 |
| Hoehn and Yahr | NA | 2.09 ± 0.61 | 1.96 ± 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.46 |
| Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) | NA | 10.43 ± 7.02 | 11.27 ± 9.23 | 0.14 | 0.72 |
| Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score | 28(25, 30) | 27(18, 30) | 28(25, 30) | 1.20 | 0.55 |
| Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOGQ) | NA | 1.21 ± 0.96 | 11.05 ± 4.72 | 116.25 | 0.00 |
| Framewise displacement (FD; mm) | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 1.50 | 0.23 |
Values distributed normally or non-normally are presented as mean ± SD or median (minimum and maximum).