Figure 4.

The comparison of autoimmune and infectious neuroinflammation in mouse and humans. Both diseases show a specific chemotactic signature for B cell migration into the CNS. The retention of B cells in the CNS is supported by survival factors, like BAFF and APRIL, in autoimmune and infectious neuroinflammation. B cells form aggregates during the disease course. The aggregates occurring in autoimmune diseases, like MS, can develop lymphoid follicle-like features, with compartmentalization of B cells and T cells, follicular dendritic cells and high endothelial venules, unlike in viral infection. For regulation of inflammation, CD5⁺ B cells are found in both kinds of neuroinflammation. BC, B cell; FDC, follicular dendritic cell; HEV, high endothelial venule; TC, T cell.