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. 2020 Nov 12;16:2707–2717. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S282208

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© 2020 Wilkowska et al.

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Ketamine’s possible mechanisms of action in bipolar disorder. Proposed model summarizes multipotential properties of ketamine, including modulation of immune system, microbiota, epigenetics, kynurenine pathway and glutamate system as well as synaptogenesis and neuroplasticity.

Abbreviations: AMPA-R, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GluR1, glutamate receptor 1; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NMDA-R, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; Th17, T helper cells producing IL-17; TrkB, tyrosine receptor kinase B.