Table 2.
A Summary of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Commonly Employed Surface Modifications
| Method Classification | Method | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coating | TiN coatings | Increased wear resistance Antibacterial properties |
Clinical benefit unknown | (Chouirfa et al., 2019; Scarano et al., 2003; Van Hove et al., 2015b; Zhao et al., 2009) |
| Plasma spraying | Low cost Long lifespan Improves bone growth Evidence-based success from marketed products |
High temperature may affect coating and/or bulk structure | (Shahali et al., 2017; Sun, 2018; Fox et al., 2019; Guimond-Lischer et al., 2016; Ullah et al., 2020; Fielding et al., 2012) | |
| Ion implantation | Increased wear resistance Favourable results from in vivo animal studies Low temperature technique |
Expensive Coatings produced are relatively thin |
(Jemat et al., 2015; Hanawa et al., 1997; Qiao et al., 2015; Soares et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2007) | |
| Sol-gel | Low cost Low temperature technique Coat complex geometries with ease |
Delamination Coatings produced are relatively thin “Soft” coating may pose mechanical stability issues |
(Asri et al., 2016; Ferraris and Spriano, 2016; Guo et al., 2015) | |
| PVD | Increased wear resistance Coat complex geometries with ease |
Cost Delamination |
(Hong et al., 2010; Ewald et al., 2006; Hauschild et al., 2015; Bergemann et al., 2017; Tanaka et al., 2011; Shunzhi et al., 2018) | |
| CVD | Increased wear resistance Favourable results from in vivo animal studies Coat complex geometries with ease |
Cost Delamination |
(Giavaresi et al., 2004; Nakai et al., 2015; Martin et al., 2007) | |
| Non-coating | Mechanical methods | Simple Widely used |
Further modification often required | (Jager et al., 2017) |
| Acid etching | Increased surface energy Removes contamination |
Residual ion deposition | (Bhosle et al., 2016; Ferraris and Spriano, 2016) | |
| Laser | Increased wear resistance High reproducibility Fast Minimal contamination |
Cost | (Chan et al., 2017; Coathup et al., 2017; Chien et al., 2014; Mukherjee et al., 2015, 2017; Chen et al., 2011) | |
| Anodization | Favourable results from in vivo animal studies Increased wear resistance Easy to modify parameters |
Uniformity issues | (Roy et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2013; Popat et al., 2007; Tsuchiya et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2016) |