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. 2020 Nov 16;11:5809. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19469-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a The oxygen atom number densities (ρ) of water in humid ionic liquid (IL) (red solid line), and in salt-in-humid IL (blue dash line) at electrodes. The black dotted line is the atom number density of Li⁺ in salt-in-humid IL. b The hydrogen atom number densities of water in humid IL and in salt-in-humid IL at electrodes. c, d The dipole (c) and normal (d) orientations of interfacial water in humid IL (red solid lines) and in salt-in-humid IL (blue dash lines) at electrodes. θ_dipole is defined as the angle between the normal of the electrode surface and the water vector, and θ_normal is the angle formed between the normal of the electrode surface and the normal of water plane. The black dotted line represents the orientation of bulk water. e, f Schematics of arrangement change of interfacial water under negative (e) and positive (f) polarizations in humid IL due to adding salt. g Infrared spectroscopy (IR) spectra of interfacial water in humid IL and in salt-in-humid IL. The electrical double-layer (EDL) potentials are −2 V and 1 V for negative and positive electrodes, respectively.