Table 1.
Maternal Sociodemographic Characteristics by Congenital Heart Disease Case‐Control Status, Guangdong Registry of Congenital Heart Disease, 2004–2016, China (n=15 297)
| Maternal Sociodemographics | CHD Cases, n (%) | Controls, n (%) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 8379 | 6918 | … |
| Age, y | |||
| >35 | 774 (9.2) | 488 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| 15–29 | 5860 (69.9) | 5074 (73.3) | |
| 30–35 | 1745 (20.8) | 1356 (19.6) | |
| Education attainment | |||
| <12 y | 691 (8.4) | 346 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| ≥12 y | 7534 (91.6) | 6471 (94.9) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Minorities | 123 (1.5) | 63 (0.9) | 0.002 |
| Han | 8256 (98.5) | 6855 (99.1) | |
| Residence | |||
| Rural | 3338 (39.8) | 2682 (38.8) | 0.178 |
| City | 5041 (60.2) | 4236 (61.2) | |
| Migrants* | |||
| Yes | 2260 (27) | 1612 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| No | 6119 (73) | 5306 (76.7) | |
| Household income, CNY/month/person | |||
| <3000 | 4481 (54.3) | 3426 (50.2) | <0.001 |
| ≥3000 | 3772 (45.7) | 3402 (49.8) | |
| Manual worker † , ‡ | |||
| Yes | 1130 (13.5) | 573 (8.3) | <0.001 |
| No | 7249 (86.5) | 6345 (91.7) | |
*
Migrants: people living and working outside their origin.
†
Manual worker: working in handicraft industry, working by hand, or operating machine in manufactory.
‡
Exposure window: during periconceptional period (3 months before pregnancy to the end of the first trimester).