Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Calcified AS and Control Subjects
| Variable | Calcified AS (n=54) | Control (n=70) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 21 (38.9) | 39 (55.7) | 0.063 |
| Age, ±SD, y | 75.3±7.7 | 75.4±3.9 | 0.905 |
| Age range, y | 60–93 | 71–84 | ··· |
| Body mass index, ±SD | 22.6±3.9 | 23.0±2.8 | 0.517 |
| NYHA functional class I/II/III/IV, n | 6/36/12/0 | ··· | ··· |
| Heart rate, ±SD, beats/min | 69.5±13.4 | 64.6±12.3 | 0.039a |
| Systolic blood pressure, ±SD, mm Hg | 121.0±23.9 | 139.6±19.3 | <0.001a |
| Diastolic blood pressure, ±SD mm Hg | 66.2±12.1 | 79.4±10.0 | <0.001a |
| Estimate glomerular filtration rate, ±SD, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 56.5±32.5 | 63.8±10.7 | 0.082 |
| EuroSCORE, median (IQR) | 7.85 (4.97–11.78) | ··· | ··· |
| C‐reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/dL | 0.09 (0.04–0.18) | ··· | ··· |
| Calcium, median (IQR), mg/dL | 9.0 (8.8–9.4) | 9.1 (9.0–9.3) | 0.335 |
| Phosphorus, median (IQR), mg/dL | 3.7 (3.2–4.2) | 3.4 (3.0–3.8) | 0.062 |
| Sclerostin, median (IQR), pg/mL | 199.0 (145.8–323.3) | 437.3 (272.1–766.5) | <0.001a |
| Total cholesterol, median (IQR), mg/dL | 178.0 (154.0–198.5) | 196.5 (177.0–221.3) | <0.001a |
| High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, ±SD, mg/dL | 56.8±13.3 | 56.0±12.9 | 0.766 |
| Triglycerids, median (IQR), mg/dL | 91.0 (76.0–133.0) | 92.5 (71.8–123.5) | 0.740 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, median (IQR) | 5.7 (5.5–6.1) | 5.4 (5.2–5.7) | 0.025a |
| NT‐proBNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | 1100.5 (190.6–5253.9) | 92.9 (45.6–218.9) | <0.001a |
| Advanced glycation end products, median (IQR), μg/mL | 9.93 (8.31–12.19) | 8.32 (7.10–10.06) | 0.013a |
| sRAGE, median (IQR), pg/mL | 1054.0 (640.3–1426.8) | 679.8 (488.3–1021.7) | <0.001a |
| Minimum ankle‐brachial pressure index, ±SD | 1.03±0.18 | 1.11±0.08 | 0.001a |
| Maximum IMT of carotid artery, median (IQR), mm | 1.10 (0.98–1.43) | 0.87 (0.81–0.98) | <0.001a |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 11 (20.4) | 6 (8.6) | 0.058 |
| Hemodialysis, n (%) | 9 (16.7) | 0 | <0.001a |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 20 (37.0) | 0 | <0.001a |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| Statin use | 26 (48.2) | 20 (28.6) | 0.025a |
| Aspirin use | 15 (27.8) | 13 (18.6) | 0.224 |
| Antihypertensive agents | 42 (77.8) | 36 (51.4) | 0.003a |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | 9 (16.7) | 7 (10.0) | 0.272 |
| Echocardiographic variables | |||
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, ±SD, % | 62.0±11.1 | 70.4±5.2 | <0.001a |
| Left ventricular diastolic diameter, median (IQR), mm | 44.0 (41.7–49.0) | 46.0 (42.9‐49.0) | 0.817 |
| Left ventricular systolic diameter, median (IQR), mm | 27.9 (25.8–31.0) | 28.0 (24.9‐30.0) | 0.111 |
| Interventricular septal wall thickness, mm | 11.9±2.2 | 9.7±1.3 | <0.001a |
| Posterior wall thickness, mm | 11.7±1.9 | 9.9±1.1 | <0.001a |
| Bicuspid valve, n (%) | 12 (22.2) | ··· | ··· |
| Aortic valve peak velocity, ±SD, m/s | 4.5±1.0 | ··· | ··· |
| Aortic valve peak pressure gradient, median (IQR), mm Hg | 74.0 (60.1–108.2) | ··· | ··· |
| Aortic valve mean pressure gradient, median (IQR), mm Hg | 44.1 (31.8–60.7) | ··· | ··· |
| Aortic valve area, median (IQR), cm2 | 0.73 (0.47–0.88) | ··· | ··· |
AS indicates aortic stenosis; EuroSCORE, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; IMT, intima‐media thickness; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; and sRAGE, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products.
a
Statistically significant values.