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. 2020 Nov 16;17:342. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-02023-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Effect of SIS3 and LPS on proinflammatory factors in microglia cultures. a Representative figures of Smad3, pSmad3, and proinflammatory factor expression (western blotting). b, c Histogram represents quantitation of pSmad3 (b) and Smad3 (c) normalized to corresponding GAPDH. d–g mRNA levels of IL-1β (d), IL-6 (e), iNOS (f), and TNF-α (g) were detected by RT-qPCR. h–j Histogram represents quantitation of IL-1β (h), IL-6 (i), and iNOS (j) normalized to corresponding GAPDH. (k) ROS production was determined by DCFHDA. It was particularly important to add TGF-β1 to all groups. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. N = 6. *p < 0.05, compared with the cultures treated with vehicle; #p < 0.01, compared with the cultures treated with vehicle; ▼p < 0.01, compared with the cultures treated with vehicle, SIS3, or LPS; +p < 0.05, compared with the cultures treated with SIS3 or LPS. LPS, lipopolysaccharide (300 ng/ml); SIS3 (10 μM)