Table 3.
Prevalence of comorbid disorders among problem/pathological gamblers
| Disorder | Number of estimates | Mean comorbid prevalence (%) | Community prevalence (%) | RR (SE) | DW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any DSM-IV Axis 1 disorder | 5a | 74.8 [36.5–93.9] | 20.0 [18.9–21.0] [74] | 3.7 (0.74) | – |
| Any alcohol or substance use disorder | 10a | 22.2 [16.1–29.8] | 5.1 [4.5–5.8] [74] | 7.8 (0.85) | – |
| 3b | 57.5 | ||||
| Any alcohol use disorder | 12a | 21.2 [5.6–28.1] | 8.5 (SE = 0.24) [75] | 2.9 (0.68) |
Very mild (0.123) [36] Mild (0.235) [36] Moderate (0.373) [36] Severe (0.570) [36] |
| 8b | 28.1 | ||||
| Alcohol abuse | 9a | 18.2 [13.4–24.2] | 4.7 (SE = 0.18) [75] | 3.9 (0.60) | – |
| Alcohol dependence | 7a | 15.2 [10.2–22.0] | 3.8 (SE = 0.14) [75] | 4.0 (0.81) | – |
| Any substance (non-alcohol) use disorder | 7a | 7.0 [1.7–24.9] | 2.0 (SE = 1.00) [75] | 6.1 (4.23) | – |
| 3b | 17.2 | ||||
| Substance (non-alcohol) abuse | 8a | 6.6 [3.3–12.7] | 1.4 (SE = 0.08) [75] | 4.7 (1.73) | – |
| Substance (non-alcohol) dependence | 6a | 4.2 [1.5–11.4] | 0.6 (SE = 0.05) [75] | 7.0 (4.25) | – |
| Nicotine dependence | 3a | 56.4 [35.7–75.2] | 12.8 (SE = 0.39) [75] | 4.6 (0.80) | – |
| 4b | 60.1 | ||||
| Cannabis use disorder | 3a | 11.5 [4.8–25.0] | 1.5 (SE = 0.08) [76] | 7.7 (3.46) |
Mild dependence (0.329) Moderate to severe (0.479) [36] |
| Any mood disorder | 10a | 23.1 [14.9–34.0] | 9.2 (SE = 0.22) [75] | 3.3 (0.54) | – |
| 3b | 37.9 | ||||
| Major depressive disorder | 17a | 29.9 [20.5–41.3] | 7.1 (SE = 0.20) [75] | 3.7 (0.75) |
Mild (0.145) [36] Moderate (0.396) [36] Severe (0.658) [36] |
| 6b | 23.1 | ||||
| Dysthymic disorder | 3a | 6.7 [4.8–9.2] | 1.8 (SE = 0.09) [75] | 3.7 (0.65) | 0.33–0.38 [77] |
| Bipolar disorder | 10a | 8.8 [4.4–17.1] |
Mania 1.7 (SE = 0.08) [75] |
5.5 (1.92) |
Manic episode (0.492) Residual state (0.032) [36] |
| 6b | 9.8 | ||||
| Any anxiety disorder | 10a | 17.6 [10.8–27.3] | 11.1 (SE = 0.33) [75] | 2.5 (0.39) |
Mild (0.030) [36] Moderate (0.133) [36] Severe (0.523) [36] |
| 3b | 37.4 | ||||
| Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) | 7a | 8.2 [3.4–18.6] | 1.2 (SE = 0.30) [78] | 6.8 (3.66) | 0.12–0.60 [77] |
| Panic disorder | 6a | 13.7 [6.7–26.0] |
Without agoraphobia 1.5 (SE = 0.07) [75] |
9.1 (3.31) | 0.11–0.69 [77] |
| Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) | 4a | 14.4 [3.9–40.8] | 2.1 (SE = 0.10) [75] | 6.1 (4.49) | 0.17–0.60 [77] |
| 3b | 11.1 | ||||
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | 4a | 12.3 [3.4–35.7] | 4.7 (SE = 0.17) [79] | 2.6 (1.76) | 0.11–0.51 [77] |
| Social phobia | 3a | 14.9 [2.0–59.8] | 2.8 (SE = 0.13) [75] | 5.3 (5.27) | 0.17–0.59 [77] |
| Other disorders | |||||
| Intermittent explosive disorder | 3a | 4.6 [2.5–8.4] | 3.9 (SE = 0.30) [80] | 1.2 (0.40) | – |
| Kleptomania | 3a | 2.7 [1.2–5.9] | 0.4 [0.1–1.0] [81] | 6.8 (4.90) | – |
| Psychotic disorder | 5a | 4.7 [3.4–6.5] |
Psychosis 0.4 (SE = 0.1) [82] |
11.8 (3.54) |
Schizophrenia [36] Acute state (0.778) Residual state (0.588) |
| Somatoform disorder | 5a | 3.6 [1.6–8.0] | 0.8 [0.3–1.4] [83] | 4.5 (2.58) | 0.144 [84] |
| Adjustment disorder | 5a | 9.2 [4.8–17.2] | 0.3 [0.1–0.5] [85] | 30.7 (14.83) | – |
| ADHD | 4a | 9.3 [4.1–19.6] | 4.4 (SE = 0.6) [86] | 2.1 (0.94) | 0.045 [36] |
| Any personality disorder (PD) | 9c | 47.9 [29.8–66.7] | 7.8 [6.1–9.5] [87] | 6.1 (1.39) | – |
| Any cluster A disorder | 4c | 6.1 [1.5–22.1] | 3.8 [3.2–4.4] [87] | 1.6 (1.39) | – |
| Paranoid personality disorder | 8c | 10.1 [4.2–22.1] | 2.3 [1.6–3.1] [87] | 4.4 (2.12) | – |
| Schizoid personality disorder | 8c | 6.0 [2.5–13.7] | 1.1 [0.7–1.5] [87] | 5.5 (2.79) | – |
| Schizotypal personality disorder | 7c | 4.1 [0.8–19.4] | 0.8 [0.5–1.1] [87] | 5.1 (6.01) | – |
| Any cluster B disorder | 4c | 17.6 [6.0–41.8] | 2.8 [1.8–3.7] [87] | 6.3 (3.44) | – |
| Antisocial personality disorder | 14c | 14.0 [10.5–18.4] | 1.4 [0.8–2.3] [87] | 15.3 (4.42) | – |
| 2b | 28.8 | ||||
| Borderline personality disorder | 8c | 13.1 [4.3–33.5] | 1.8 [1.2–2.5] [87] | 7.3 (4.35) | 0.193 [84] |
| Histrionic personality disorder | 7c | 6.3 [1.0–30.4] | 0.6 [0.4–0.9] [87] | 10.5 (12.7) | – |
| Narcissistic personality disorder | 8c | 16.6 [8.0–31.2] | 1.9 [0.1–5.6] [87] | 8.7 (7.16) | – |
| Any cluster C disorder | 4c | 12.6 [4.8–29.1] | 5.0 [4.2–5.9] [87] | 2.5 (1.26) | – |
| Avoidant personality disorder | 6c | 13.4 [5.9–27.5] | 2.7 [1.9–3.7] [87] | 5.0 (2.21) | – |
| Dependent personality disorder | 8c | 6.0 [1.4–22.5] | 0.8 [0.5–1.3] [87] | 7.5 (7.00) | – |
| Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder | 6c | 13.4 [5.9–27.5] | 3.2 [2.4–4.1] [87] | 4.2 (1.81) | – |