Table 3.
Factors Associated with a Prior Diagnosis of COPD
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| UNIVARIABLE MODEL | ||
| Age / year | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.29 |
| Sex Male vs Female | 0.69 (0.57, 0.84) | < 0.001 |
| Education Level / unit | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | < 0.001 |
| Age Started Smoking / year | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.24 |
| Average Cigarettes / Day Smoked (Log-transformed) | 1.94 (1.53, 2.47) | < 0.001 |
| Pack Years (Log-transformed) | 1.81 (1.43, 2.29) | < 0.001 |
| Presently a Smoker Yes vs No | 0.79 (0.65, 0.96) | 0.019 |
| Serious Attempt to Quit (of those who are presently a smoker) Yes vs No | 1.09 (0.74, 1.62) | 0.66 |
| # of Healthcare Professionals Asking About Smoking (of those who are presently a smoker) / time | 1.90 (1.41, 2.56) | < 0.001 |
| Dyspnea Yes vs No | 5.00 (4.03, 6.21) | < 0.001 |
| Cough Yes vs No | 2.35 (1.92, 2.88) | < 0.001 |
| Phlegm Yes vs No | 2.31 (1.89, 2.81) | < 0.001 |
| Wheeze Yes vs No | 3.25 (2.66, 3.96) | < 0.001 |
| Any High Risk Occupation Yes vs No | 1.14 (0.94, 1.39) | 0.19 |
| Chest X-Rays ≥1 vs 0 | 2.76 (2.21, 3.44) | < 0.001 |
| CT Scans ≥1 vs 0 | 0.98 (0.55, 1.73) | 0.93 |
| Number of Comorbidities ≥1 vs 0 | 2.57 (2.04, 3.25) | < 0.001 |
| MULTIVARIABLE MODEL | ||
| Dyspnea Yes vs No | 3.38 (2.67, 4.27) | < 0.001 |
| Wheeze Yes vs No | 1.86 (1.48, 2.35) | < 0.001 |
| Cough Yes vs No | 1.47 (1.13, 1.91) | 0.004 |
| Phlegm Yes vs No | 1.35 (1.05, 1.74) | 0.019 |
| Number of Comorbidities ≥1 vs 0 | 1.98 (1.54, 2.56) | < 0.001 |
| Presently a Smoker Yes vs No | 0.53 (0.42, 0.66) | < 0.001 |
-Comorbidities include coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, asthma, pneumonia, respiratory failure, and any cancer
-Education was collected on a 7 level/unit scale, but grouped in Table 1 according to secondary and post-secondary completion