Table 4.
Predictive factors of COPD defined by spirometry
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| UNIVARIABLE MODEL | ||
| Age / year | 1.05 (1.03, 1.06) | < 0.001 |
| Gender Male vs Female | 1.39 (1.19, 1.63) | < 0.001 |
| Education Level / unita | 0.97 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.14 |
| Age Started Smoking / year | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.71 |
| Average Cigarettes / Day Smoked (Log-transformed) | 1.24 (1.03, 1.49) | 0.024 |
| Pack Years (Log-transformed) | 1.49 (1.24, 1.79) | < 0.001 |
| Presently a Smoker Yes vs No | 1.25 (1.06, 1.47) | 0.008 |
| Serious Attempt to Quit (of those who are presently a smoker) Yes vs No | 1.19 (0.88, 1.61) | 0.26 |
| # of Healthcare Professionals Asking About Smoking (of those who are presently a smoker) / time | 0.85 (0.69, 1.06) | 0.14 |
| Emphysema Extent by LDCT | ||
| None | Reference | < 0.001 |
| Trivial | 1.52 (1.24, 1.86) | |
| Mild | 2.20 (1.77, 2.74) | |
| Moderate | 2.58 (1.94, 3.44) | |
| Severe | 3.76 (2.42, 5.85) | |
| Very Severe | 14.76 (3.38, 64.47) | |
| Emphysema Distribution by LDCT None | ||
| Diffuse | Reference | < 0.001 |
| Lower Lobe | 1.60 (1.24, 2.06) | |
| Upper Lobe | 1.68 (0.73, 3.83) | |
| 2.19 (1.84, 2.60) | ||
| Dyspnea Yes vs No | 1.55 (1.32, 1.81) | < 0.001 |
| Cough Yes vs No | 1.23 (1.05, 1.44) | 0.010 |
| Phlegm Yes vs No | 1.19 (1.02, 1.40) | 0.028 |
| Wheeze Yes vs No | 1.43 (1.21, 1.68) | < 0.001 |
| Any High Risk Occupation Yes vs No | 1.25 (1.06, 1.47) | 0.008 |
| Chest X-Rays ≥1 vs 0 | 1.24 (1.05, 1.45) | 0.010 |
| CT Scans ≥1 vs 0 | 1.99 (1.23, 3.21) | 0.005 |
| Number of Comorbiditiesb ≥1 vs 0 | 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) | 0.77 |
| MULTIVARIABLE MODEL | ||
| Emphysema Extent | ||
| None | Reference | < 0.001 |
| Trivial | 1.51 (1.23, 1.86) | |
| Mild | 2.05 (1.64, 2.57) | |
| Moderate | 2.37 (1.77, 3.18) | |
| Severe | 3.09 (1.97, 4.86) | |
| Very Severe | 10.66 (2.40, 47.37) | |
| Age / year | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | < 0.001 |
| Dyspnea Yes vs No | 1.33 (1.11, 1.59) | 0.002 |
| Presently a Smoker Yes vs No | 1.38 (1.15, 1.65) | < 0.001 |
| Pack Years (Log-transformed) | 1.34 (1.10, 1.63) | 0.003 |
| Wheeze Yes vs No | 1.25 (1.04, 1.51) | 0.020 |
| Any High Risk Occupation Yes vs No | 1.21 (1.02, 1.44) | 0.030 |
aEducation was collected on a 7 level/unit scale, but grouped in Table 1 according to secondary and post-secondary completion
bComorbidities include coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, asthma, pneumonia, respiratory failure, and any cancer