Fig. 1.

GSK-LSD1 inhibits NF-κB p65-mediated cytokine storm in PBMCs isolated from severe COVID-19 patients. PBMCs were isolated from 20 healthy volunteers and 20 severe COVID-19 patients, respectively. a–c Level of total LSD1 (a), phosphorylated-S112 LSD1 (b), and phosphorylation ratio of LSD1 in normal and severe COVID-19 PBMCs (c). d NF-κB p65 activity in normal and severe COVID-19 PBMCs. e Viability of PBMCs isolated from severe COVID-19 patients. f Immunoblot of phosphorylated-S112 LSD1, LSD1, acetylated K314/315-, monomethylated K314/315-NF-κB p65, and nucleus NF-κB p65 was shown in Go6976 or GSK-LSD1-treated PBMCs from normal and severe COVID-19 PBMCs. g Heat map of inflammation-related genes in PBMCs from severe COVID-19 patients after GSK-LSD1 treatment (n = 3). h Cytokines profiling of pharmacological effect of GSK-LSD1 for preventing cytokine storm. i Binding activity of NF‑κB p65 in normal and severe COVID-19 PBMCs. j–o Plasma cytokines levels in normal and GSK-LSD1-treated severe COVID-19 PBMCs. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. Significance was set at **P < 0.01 vs. normal; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 vs. severe COVID-19