Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study | Geographical location | Outbreak setting | Population | Contagious disease | Outbreak period | Information regarding P1 | Confirmed cases | Information regarding the cases | Fatalities | Service responsible for outbreak control |
| Awofeso (2001)43 | Australia | Psychiatric ward within the correctional facility | 17 PIP, 18 prison officers and 24 staff | Influenza type A (H3N2) | 29 August–8 September 2000 | P1 was infected during a visit from a member of the public | 9 cases | 6 PIP, 2 nursing staff, and one patient care assistant; Age (range 25–70 years); All of non-Aboriginal background | None | CHS |
| Besney (2017)44 | Canada | Maximum security remand facility | Approximately 1200 PIP | Influenza type A (H1N1) | 10–18 December 2013 | P1 was transferred from another correctional facility that was experiencing increased influenza activity | 6 cases | All males; Age (M=41, range 24–54 years); 3 Canadian-born non-Indigenous, 2 Canadian-born Indigenous and one foreign-born | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Bur (2003)45 | USA | Urban community and jail | 344 PIP housed with P1 | TB | April 2000– September 2001 | P1 was diagnosed in the community; Home visit revealed that his house was used for trafficking illicit drugs, and was frequented by many people; He had been in jail from December 1999 through January 2000 | 18 cases | Age (M=39, range 1–66 years); Male (78%); African American (89%); HIV-seropositive (39%) | One deceased | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2000)46 | USA | State correctional facility housing HIV-infected PIP | 323 PIP housed in the same dormitory as P1 | TB | 1999–2000 | P1 (who was HIV-positive) was diagnosed at a community hospital | 31 cases | All current or former PIP; All non-Hispanic Black men born in the USA and HIV-seropositive; Age (M=36, range 23–56 years) | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| CDC (2004)47 | USA | Multiple correctional facilities | 800 possible contacts, 318 of which were identified | TB | 2002–2003 | P1 visited a homeless shelter, 3 different jails and a state prison during the infectious period | 2 cases | 2 TB cases and 47 additional LTBI cases; Active cases were cellmates of P1 | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| CDC (2012)48 | USA | Two correctional facilities: one medium to maximum security prison and one minimum security prison | Facility A (916 PIP and 410 staff members); Facility B (222 PIP and 65 staff members) | Influenza type A (H1N1) and type B | March 2011 | Not provided | Facility A: 6 cases Facility B: 1 case |
Facility A (influenza A(five were H1N1pdm09 and one was unsubtypable), Age (M=37, range 24-57 years, only one had been vaccinated previously); faciliaty B (influenza B) | One deceased | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Chao (2017)49 | China (Taiwan) | Prison | 2690 PIP | Influenza type A (H1N1) | February–April 2013 | Not provided | 5 cases | 2 had HCV/HIV and one suffered from hypertension | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Chatterji (2013)50 | Australia | High-security correctional facility | Approximately 900 PIP and 450 staff | Measles | October–November 2013 | Not provided | 17 cases | 14 PIP and three correctional centre staff; age (M=28, range 18–41 years); Sex (3 female and 14 male); Indigenous status (one Indigenous, 13 non-Indigenous and 3 unknown) | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Crick (2014)51 | UK | Adult prison (category C/D) | 210 PIP | Measles | December 2012–February 2013 | P1 was a member of the prison staff; had free access to all areas of the prison; continued to work throughout the prodromal period | 8 cases | Three distinct waves of infection | None | CHS |
| Gétaz (2010)52 | Switzerland | Pre-trial prison | 540 PIP, 243 prison officers and 37 healthcare workers | Varicella | April 2009 | P1 was a PID who sought medical attention 48 hours after the beginning of a rash characteristic of chickenpox | 2 susceptible cases | Remained in a small cell with P1 and were considered as household contacts | None | CHS |
| Guthrie (2012)53 | Australia | Custodial facility (all security levels) | Average daily occupancy in 2009 (163 PIP), in 2010 (214 PIP) | Influenza type A (H1N1) | 2009–2011 (during influenza season: 1 July–30 September) | Not provided | 2009: 1 case (also reported in Turner and Levy, 2010) 2010: 4 cases 2011: 2 cases |
Not provided | None | CHS |
| Jones (2003)54 | USA | Urban jail and surrounding community | Not provided | TB | 1995–1997 (jail outbreak period); January 1998–August 1999 (follow-up period in surrounding community) | Not provided | Jail: 43 cases Community: 81 cases |
6 of jail cases and 19 of community cases were infected with the jail outbreak strain | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Junghans (2018)55 | UK | Prison | More than 1500 PIP | Measles | July 2016 | P1 was a member of the prison staff | 8 cases | 1 probable, 5 possible and 2 confirmed cases | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Lambert (2008)56 | USA | Privately managed medium-security state facility | Daily census of approximately 2000 PIP | TB | 2003–2004 | Not provided | 7 cases | All males; age (M=34, range 24–58 years); 1 HIV-seropositive; four reported drug or alcohol abuse | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Leung (2014)57 | UK | State prison | Approximately 2000 staff and 5000 PIP | Varicella | 16–23 January 2010 and 12 February–25 March 2011 (rash onsets) | P1 worked in the kitchen | 11 cases | Age (M=37, range 19–58 years); None were immunocompromised or had any varicella-related complications; nine cases associated with the 2 outbreaks and 2 sporadic cases | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Levy (2003)58 | Australia | Four prisons, one prison hospital, the prison transport system, one courthouse | Over 300 PIP exposed to varicella during the outbreak | Varicella | 4 weeks (exact dates not reported) | P1 was infected during a family visiting session | 6 cases | 5 confirmed cases and 1 probable case; 3 cases in prison A, 2 cases were infected in court transport van and 1 case at the prison hospital | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Mohle-Boetani (2002)59 | USA | Correctional-facility housing unit for PIP infected with HIV | More than 3200 PIP; 472 residing in the HIV unit | TB | 1995 | Not provided | 15 cases | Age (M=35, range 30–43 years) | Two deceased | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Moreau (2016)60 | Canada | Youth custody facility | Approximately 280 youths, 14 health services staff and 85 security staff | Varicella | July 2013 | P1 was a male youth | 2 cases | All males; age (M=14, range 13–18 years); all cases and contacts were Canadian born | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Murphy (2018)61 | UK | Three correctional facilities | Not provided | Varicella | May 2016–January 2017 | Prison A: P1 was a PIP who had herpes zoster Prison B: P1 was a PIP with ocular herpes zoster (not recognised as disseminated herpes zoster at that time) Prison C: P1 was a PIP who had herpes zoster lesions |
Prison A: 5 cases Prison B: 3 cases Prison C: 1 case |
Age (M=40, range 29–49 years); None were immunocompromised; one had prior varicella infection | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Njuguna (2020)70 | USA | Correctional and detention facility | Approximately 700 PID | COVID-19 | April–May 2020 | P1 was a staff member who reported symptoms of COVID-19 and later tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 | 110 cases | First 39 cases identified through active monitoring (29 March–7 May); Additional 71 cases identified through an investigation led by the Louisiana Department of Health and CDC (7–21 May) | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Parcell (2014)69 | UK | Two male-only prisons | Not provided | Adenovirus 14p1 | 1 Jan 2011–25 July 2011 | Not provided | 15 cases (13 confirmed and 2 possible) | Of the 13 confirmed cases: 7 PIP, 1 staff and 5 from non-prison communities; All of white Scottish origin; Age (range 23–70 years); Male (76.9%) | Three deceased | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Saunders (2001)62 | USA | Federal prisons | 25 707 PIP | TB | January 1997–June 1999 | Not provided | 75 cases | 46 cases (61%) were foreign-born; 15 (20%) were HIV-positive | None | CHS |
| Saunders (2001)62 | USA | Detention centre | 1830 PIP | TB | June 1997–December 1998 | P1 was a PID | 7 cases | Not provided | None | CHS |
| Sosa (2008)63 | USA | State-run jail and prison | Not provided | TB | May 2005–May 2006 | P1 was a US-born, HIV-negative PIP whose TST was negative | 2 cases | US born; Age (range 20–29 years) | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Turner (2010)64 | Australia | Adult custodial facility | 140 PIP | Influenza type A (H1N1) | July 2009 | P1 was a 46 year old male PID and was infected during a family visiting session | 1 case | Age (M=36 years); Remand status | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Valdarchi (2009)65 | Italy | Prison for women | 424 PIP | Varicella | 13 April–2 May 2005 | P1 was a 26 year old HIV-positive Italian woman | 5 cases | 3 Italians and 2 Nigerians; two were HIV-positive; all were hospitalised on the end of the onset of symptoms | One deceased | CHS |
| Venkat (2019)66 | USA | Privately operated detention facility housing US Immigration and Customs Enforcement PID | 1425 PID and 510 staff members | Measles | 25 May–8 August 2016 | P1 was a PID who was hospitalised with symptoms | 32 cases | 23 PID and nine staff; Age (M=36, range 19–52 years); male (84%); three hospitalisations | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
| Walkty (2011)67 | Canada | Two prisons (one medium security) | 135 PIP and 187 staff | Mumps | 12 January–5 February 2009 | P1 was a 28 year old PIP with clinical symptoms who was transferred from Prison B to Prison A | Prison A: 5 cases Prison B: 4 cases |
Age (range 28–34 years); all males of self-identified Aboriginal ethnicity | None | CHS |
| Young (2004)68 | Australia | Five prisons (Two maximum, one medium and two minimum; Three metropolitan and two rural) | Approximately 7900 PIP | Influenza type A (H3N2) | January 2003 | Not provided | 37 cases | 35 PIP, one healthcare staff and one custodial officer; First 20 cases shared the same unit; Another 8 cases were from the same prison | None | A combination of CHS and CPH |
CHS, correctional healthcare services; CPH, community public health; HCV, hepatitis C virus; LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection; PID, people in detention; PIP, people in prison; TB, tuberculosis; TST, tuberculin skin test.