Table 1.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Participants According to Physical Activity Level, Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging, 1998–2007
| Physical Activity Level, MET-hours/week | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total (n  1,676)
|
Low (20) (n  419)
|
Medium (20–97) (n  838)
|
High (>97) (n  419)
|
|||||
| Variable | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| Male sex | 699 | 41.7 | 127 | 30.3 | 356 | 42.5 | 216 | 51.6 |
| Age, yearsa | 70.3 (6.8) | 71.4 (7.6) | 70.1 (6.6) | 69.8 (5.9) | ||||
| US birth | 823 | 49.1 | 201 | 48.0 | 411 | 49.1 | 211 | 50.4 |
| Education, years | ||||||||
| 0 | 216 | 12.9 | 62 | 14.8 | 107 | 12.8 | 47 | 11.2 |
| 1–8 | 794 | 47.4 | 219 | 52.3 | 392 | 46.8 | 183 | 43.7 |
| 9–12 | 385 | 23.0 | 91 | 21.7 | 193 | 23.0 | 101 | 24.1 |
| ≥13 | 281 | 16.8 | 47 | 11.2 | 146 | 17.4 | 88 | 21.0 |
| Married | 979 | 58.4 | 223 | 53.2 | 492 | 58.7 | 264 | 63.0 |
| Acculturation scorea,b | 22.0 (13.0) | 20.7 (12.7) | 21.9 (13.1) | 23.4 (12.9) | ||||
| Tobacco smoking (all types) | ||||||||
| Current smoker | 187 | 11.2 | 48 | 11.5 | 92 | 11.0 | 47 | 11.2 |
| Former smoker | 713 | 42.5 | 168 | 40.1 | 367 | 43.8 | 178 | 42.5 |
| Never smoker | 776 | 46.3 | 203 | 48.4 | 379 | 45.2 | 194 | 46.3 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Frequent (daily) | 147 | 8.8 | 27 | 6.4 | 73 | 8.7 | 47 | 11.2 |
| Moderate (weekly) | 181 | 10.8 | 25 | 6.0 | 89 | 10.6 | 67 | 16.0 |
| Occasional (monthly) | 153 | 9.1 | 24 | 5.7 | 86 | 10.3 | 43 | 10.3 |
| Yearly/rarely/never | 1,195 | 71.3 | 343 | 81.9 | 590 | 70.4 | 262 | 62.5 |
| ADL difficultyc | 200 | 11.9 | 112 | 26.7 | 66 | 7.9 | 22 | 5.3 |
| IADL difficultyd | 788 | 47.0 | 266 | 63.5 | 383 | 45.7 | 139 | 33.2 |
| Lifetime occupation | ||||||||
| Nonmanual | 362 | 21.6 | 68 | 16.2 | 194 | 23.2 | 100 | 23.9 |
| Manual | 1,000 | 59.7 | 241 | 57.5 | 496 | 59.2 | 263 | 62.8 |
| Other | 314 | 18.7 | 110 | 26.3 | 148 | 17.7 | 56 | 13.4 |
| Currently employed | 285 | 17.0 | 70 | 16.7 | 152 | 18.1 | 63 | 15.0 |
| Statin use | 141 | 8.4 | 41 | 9.8 | 68 | 8.1 | 32 | 7.6 |
| LDL cholesterol level, mmol/La | 3.2 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.9) | 3.2 (0.9) | 3.2 (0.9) | ||||
| Diabetes | 542 | 32.3 | 166 | 39.6 | 256 | 30.6 | 120 | 28.6 |
| Hypertension | 1,136 | 67.8 | 309 | 73.8 | 547 | 65.3 | 280 | 66.8 |
| Body mass indexe | ||||||||
| <25 | 324 | 19.3 | 83 | 19.8 | 158 | 18.9 | 83 | 19.8 |
| 25–29 | 628 | 37.5 | 135 | 32.2 | 326 | 38.9 | 167 | 39.9 |
| ≥30 | 724 | 43.2 | 201 | 48.0 | 354 | 42.2 | 169 | 40.3 |
| Waist circumference, cma | 97.0 (13.3) | 98.9 (13.8) | 96.4 (13.4) | 96.2 (12.5) | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 612 | 36.5 | 187 | 44.6 | 300 | 35.8 | 125 | 29.8 |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MET, metabolic equivalent of task.
a Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation).
b Acculturation was estimated using the Geriatric Acculturation Ratings Scale for Mexican Americans. Possible scores range from 0 to 56, and a lower score means the respondent is less acculturated (i.e., more Mexican-oriented).
c For estimation of ADL level, participants were asked whether they had any difficulty engaging in the following: walking, bathing, brushing hair and teeth, eating, putting clothes on, and moving from the bed to a chair. ADL difficulty was based on whether or not the participant reported having difficulty with ≥1 activities.
d For estimation of IADL level, participants were asked whether they had any difficulty engaging in the following: moving heavy objects, kneeling, lifting weights over 10 pounds (4.5 kg), extending arms above shoulders, getting up from kneeling, standing up from a chair, climbing stairs, writing, walking 0.25 mile (0.4 km), walking 10 steps, using a telephone, managing money, cooking, performing housework, and shopping. IADL difficulty was based on whether or not the participant reported having difficulty with ≥3 activities.
e Weight (kg)/height (m)2.